Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Unit 206 Business Admin

Learner statement unit 206 Outcome 1 Enterprise rent a car (ERAC) operates within the automotive and retail industries. Our mission is to fulfil the automotive and commercial truck rental, leasing, car sales and related needs of our customers and, in doing so, exceed their expectations for service, quality and value. We will strive to earn our customers' long-term loyalty by working to deliver more than promised, being honest and fair and â€Å"going the extra mile† to provide exceptional personalized service that creates a pleasing business experience.We must motivate our employees to provide exceptional service to our customers by supporting their development, providing opportunities for personal growth and fairly compensating them for their successes and achievements. We believe it is critical to our success to promote managers from within who will serve as examples of success for others to follow.Although it is our goal to be the best and not necessarily the biggest or the most profitable, our success at satisfying customers and motivating employees will bring growth and long-term profitability. Within the automotive and rental sector, ERAC offers high service levels and reliability and offers certain perks that other companies do not such as â€Å"we will pick you up† Reviewing damage claims and assigning collection strategiesNegotiating with individuals, insurance companies, corporate customers and credit card companies  Ã‚   Maintaining accounts of collections  and incoming payments on claim files Producing professional written communication including tasks such as writing, editing and proofreading correspondence and brief reports   Interpreting loss data in conjunction with debtor feedback in order to establish settlement needs  and parameters Interpreting loss data in conjunction with debtor feedback in order to establish if claim is valid and/or if the claim needs to be closed Determining what claims must be worked in order to ob tain payment Interpreting recovery efforts to determine if a claim must be referred to a third party vendor for additional collection efforts. The role is essential to the organisation as all vehicles are â€Å"self-insured† so all losses come straight from the company for any damages. If I was unsure of any policy or procedure relating to my role, I would initially consult he policy on the intranet. I would then query with my coordinator, supervisor or manager and if needs be, HR department. Outcome 2 ; 3 People working together to achieve common goals needs proper coordination so that the assigned or delegated tasks are done smoothly and effectively.In an organization, there has to be leaders as well as the supervisors and those who implement the plans – the people founding the main work force or employees who needs to realize their own tasks and assignments so that they can perform accordingly. By working together you can achieve positive results because you work to gether to achieve a common goal quickly and effectively. By explaining and agreeing to work goals you emphasise how important the work is and also how important he individual’s role is. This also ensures everyone is working off the same timescale and the same standard. Team members can support each other by helping with workloads, emails and administrative duties. You can support other teams by encouraging them and appreciating their efforts. They can also share tasks, e. g. incoming phone calls.The purpose of agreeing quality measures within a team ensures everyone is working on the same time scale and to the same quality level, this means that work is consistent and creates a happier work environment as well as more professional image. All information should be communicated between the other people in the team as again this ensures everyone has the same knowledge base and feel happier with the tasks they have been set and why. The communication can take place verbally, face to face or in team meetings, via email or via memo’s. Outcome 4 By recognising the strengths in others you can pool abilities within the team so as to finish work to a high standard quickly and effectively. If one person excels at a certain task, they will complete it correctly and quickly and freeing up other team members to work on different objectives for the team.Diversity within a team offers different levels of expertise and viewpoints. Having diversity allows tasks and problems to be approached from many different angles. A project carried out by a divers team will raise clarity and levels of arguments to ensure that all ideas are thoroughly considered. By respecting your individual team mates you create a better working environment which is conductive to happier employees who work more efficiently. Outcome 5 The types of problems and disagreements that may occur within a team include * Dishonesty * Difference of opinion * Disagreement over workloads * Incompetence * Disagreements over personal issues such as annual leave, workloads, lunches etc. Disagreements over the way to work effectively The best way to resolve problems or disagreements is to compromise and be as flexible as possible. Problems can be resolved by the management assigning roles for different members or sitting down with employees and talking the issues out. If this fails then grievance procedures should be followed. Outcome 6 Constructive feedback helps organisations improve and help employees work more efficiently. By giving constructive feedback you can help ensure that you are making work processes more effective and positive. When receiving feedback you can recognise any mistakes that you may not have spotted.Feedback enables you to reflect on your work as an individual and as a team as if delivered constructively will improve morale and productivity. Getting feedback is a suitable way to receive information that will help make a workplace more efficient. It helps individ uals realise how members of your team and possibly other departments like or don’t like about how you work, this will allow you to either continue in the same fashion, confident that you are doing a satisfactory job or make adjustments to hopefully improve your performance. Likewise feedback to a team will show where they could improve and by discussing the issues this will enable the team as a whole to implement new ideas and working methods to improve effectiveness and productivity.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Introduction to Entrepreneurial Finance

Entrepreneurial Finance Philippe Gregoire Louvain School of Management – Universite catholique de Louvain Reference book : Entrepreneurial finance, a casebook. Paul A. Gompers and William A. Sahlman. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2002 1 Entrepreneurial finance Project assessment (POCD) Funding (amount, firm’s value, best partner) Deal (ownership / control / incentives) Exit (IPO) Project Assessment †¢ 4 critical success factors for entrepreneurial ventures ? ? ? ? People Opportunity Deal Context 3 People I’d rather back a ‘A’ team with a ‘B’ idea than a ‘B’ team with an ‘A’ idea †¢ Who are the key players What is their experience †¢ How does this experience prepare or not prepare them for the opportunity that exists †¢ What are strengths and weakness of the people involved on all sides of the transaction †¢ Are there key individuals that the company should add or replace 4 Opportunity †¢ New product / service ? Smartphone, †¢ New method of delivery ? Amazon. com †¢ New production technique ? Ernest Solvay patent (1861) to manufacture soda ash (enter in detergent, glass, †¦) †¢ Is there a sustainable competitive advantage †¢ Must the opportunity be exploited immediately †¢ Are there intermediate milestones 5Deal †¢ Spending money is not enough. Incentives and contingencies are important considerations. ? Key to all these structural features is the concept of the entrepreneur earning his/her equity through value creation. †¢ Moral hazard and adverse selection ? Entrepreneur bear the downside risk †¢ Choice of appropriate investors ? for whom you raise capital is often more important than the terms †¢ Selection of the proper financial instrument ? ? ? Debt Equities Convertibles / preferred convertibles 6 Securities held by Venture Capitalists †¢ (Source: Kaplan-Stromberg, 2003) Context †¢ Competition †¢ R egulation †¢ International environment †¢ Economic conditions 8 Introduction to entrepreneurial finance †¢ Finance ? Study of value and resources allocation (capital budgeting) †¢ †¢ †¢ Value of cash stream = f(magnitude, timing, riskiness) Economic value = Expected return = PV ? ? T t ? 1 E? Rt ? ? rf ? Risk premium CFt ? 1 ? E ? Rt t ? Cost of capital †¢ Capital rationing †¢ Entrepreneurship ? Focus on opportunities rather than controlling existing resources †¢ Entrepreneurial finance ? ? Financial management within entrepreneurial firmsStudy on both sides of the balanced sheet 9 The Balance Sheet of a Corporation Assets = use of funds Current (Short-term) assets Cash Accounts receivable Inventories Others (various claims) Fixed (long-term) assets Land Buildings Machineries & Equipment Liabilities = sources of funds (Capital structure) Current (Short-term) Liabilities Accounts payable Short-term debt †¦ Long-term Liabilities: Equi ty: Provided by shareholders (= owners of the company) Long-term Debt: Provided by creditors such as banks 10 Others Accounting Income versus Cash Flow †¢ Cash income ? ccounting income †¢ Whereas accountants try to match revenues with expenses, managers and investors focus on the difference between cash inflow and cash outflow. †¢ Cash flow = the amount of cash income (= inflow – outflow of cash) that is generated in any period †¢ Formally, 11 The Cash Cycle of a Firm †¢ Cash cycle: average time between when a firm pays for its inventory and when it receives cash from the sale of its product 12 Sources of Entrepreneurial Finance Bootstrapping Stock markets (IPO) 3Fs Leasing Governmental organizations 13 Section 1. Investment analysis Module 1. A : Source of value ? ? Introduction to entrepreneurial finance Case study †¢ Module 1. B : Financial statements and pro forma models ? Case study †¢ Module 1. C : Purchasing firms, buyouts, and valua tion ? ? Valuation in entrepreneurial finance Case study †¢ Additional (Optional) Reading and References: Smith/Smith: Entrepreneurial Finance, Wiley Edition. Sahlman/Stevenson/Roberts/Bhide: The Entrepreneurial Venture, HBS Press. 14 Section 2. Financing the entrepreneurial firm †¢ Module 2. A : Venture capital ? ? Private equity Case study †¢ Module 2.B : Angel financing ? Case study 15 Section 3. Harvesting †¢ Module 3. A : Initial Public Offerings ? ? IPO process Case study †¢ Module 3. B : Acquisitions ? Case study 16 Module 1A. Sources of value †¢ 4 stages of entrepreneurship ? ? ? ? Identifying opportunities Acquiring the financial, professional, and productive resources Implementing a plan of actions Harvesting the rewards †¢ 4 critical success factors for entrepreneurial ventures ? ? ? ? People Opportunity Deal Context 17 The Knot – People – Opportunity – Valuation – Deal structuring – Source of capital 1 8 Business Case Success as one of the early AOL Greenhouse companies – 3-book deal with Bantam Doubleday – Strong interest from advertisers – Significant traffic at its website 2 issues – Out of cash within 3 months – Race for scale economies on the internet To build the country ‘s number-one wedding resource, Liu needs 10 millions 19 People (Core founding team) †¢ †¢ All media people with experience in software, video, etc. Good understanding of design and presentation †¢ Lack of operational expertise, retail experience, and marketing 20 Opportunity †¢ †¢ †¢ Stable number of weddingRecessions have very little impact Event tied to significant expenditures ? ? Wedding party Guests †¢ †¢ †¢ †¢ Size of the market (35 billion) High advertising rate Stagnant competition, lethargic and not very innovative Couples planning to get married ? ? ? have relatively high income Are fairly young plan major l ife purchases ? are not very price sensitive 21 Opportunity ? Cash Flow Transformed the opportunity into cash flow = Business model = set of factors that together determine the cash flows a company can generate and create value The Knot : registry / advertising / merchandise / publishing and others 2 22 The Knot – People – Opportunity – Valuation – Deal structuring – Source of capital 23 Valuation †¢ Cash flow is the source of value †¢ To date, the Knot has posted losses and is expected to post losses for at least 2 more years †¢ It is difficult to use earnings to estimate the probability of generating future cash flows. †¢ Revenues and mix of revenues appear to be a better measure †¢ Multiple of revenues method. Compare to firms on the basis of ? ? ? ? Stage of development Business model Target market size Size of the investment round 24 List of comparable transactions 25Discount cash flow analysis Most forecasts are widel y optimistic. Discounted cash flow valuations only work when one gets an estimate of the expected CF 26 Actual income statement 27 Split of Revenues 28 Forecasted statement of cash flows 29 Actual statement of cash flows In Millions of USD (except for per share items) Net Income/Starting Line Depreciation/Depletion Amortization Deferred Taxes Non-Cash Items Changes in Working Capital Cash from Operating Activities 2011 5. 99 3. 74 0. 96 2. 78 11. 89 -1. 31 24. 05 2010 3. 65 3. 43 1. 78 2. 3 8 -8. 11 11. 06 2009 -4. 87 4. 75 5. 09 -1. 6 13. 83 -4. 92 12. 33 2008 4. 13 4. 84 3. 98 0. 56 6. 16 0. 2 19. 87 30 The Knot – People – Opportunity – Valuation – Deal structuring – Source of capital 31 Initial deal †¢ Initial investment : strategic partner ? Expect from AOL money, exposure and distribution  « more than just dollars to the deal  » AOL invested 1. 85 million in return for 45%, for royalties amounting to 20% of ad revenues on The Knotâ₠¬â„¢s AOL site and a lesser % of ad revenues on The Knot’s internet site. ? †¢ The deal with AOL provided instant reach and credibility to The Knot †¢ Is the deal expensive for The Knot? 32Ownership after AOL deal 33 Financing the Knot (new deal) 34 Convertible preferred †¢ Preferred has higher priority than common stock ? In the event of a firm’s sale or liquidation, holders of preferred stock get paid before common stockholders do. Entrepreneurs have greater incentive because if things don’t go well, the investor will be paid first Downside risk is borne by the entrepreneur ? ? †¢ Tax considerations ? Entrepreneurs pay taxes on the value of common stock that they have received. ? Investing in preferred stock does not change the price of common stocks. 35 Financing the Knot Why should they invest? To develop The Knot brand, to build out the technological infrastructure, to develop the gift registry business ? Practically, The Knot needs capi tal to fund the payroll and pay for day-to-day operating expenses †¢ How much money? Forecasted statement of cash flow †¢ Who should invest in The Knot? Business Angel, Venture Capitalist, Strategic Partner †¢ How should they value The Knot? Comparable deals on the market, multiple of revenues 36 Investor’s profile †¢ Angels + Higher valuation + – Someone with an experience in the registry business Limited capital ? ay not be able to provide capital in the future if needed Less helpful in recruiting others to the team †¢ Venture Capitalist + + – Large pools of capital and make multiple rounds of investment Network of contacts in the management and financial community Lower valuation †¢ Strategic partner + + – Experience in the business (retailer, wedding registries,†¦) Provide distribution and name recognition Conflicts of interest 37 What happened? May 1998, Venture Capitalist invested $3m for 22% ? $10. 6m pre-money va luation (3/(10. 6+3)=22%) April 1999, Venture Capitalist invested $15m December 1999, IPO 38

Monday, July 29, 2019

Critical evaluation organization's Resources and Capabilities of Coursework - 1

Critical evaluation organization's Resources and Capabilities of Starbucks in China. (internal environment) - Coursework Example In the case of Starbucks an effective Resources strategy should focus on the employment of unique resources so that a competitive advantage is acquired towards the firm’s major competitors. The potentials of Starbucks to develop such advantage is analyzed below by referring to the firm’s performance in regard to each of the elements of the Resource-based theory. 1.1 Tangible Resources The tangible resources of organizations are assets that have a physical existence; the buildings in which business operations are developed and the cash available to the business are assets of this kind (Sehgal 2010). In China, as in all countries worldwide, Starbucks is characterized by specific features as of the style/ decoration of its stores and the dinnerware sets/ cups used for serving the customers (Starbucks Coffee International 2013). However, these features are not unique since they can be identified, with differentiations, in other brands operating in the same sector. According to Wang (2012) the interior of Starbuck’s stores across China is unique not only in regard to decoration but also as of the chairs available to customers and the style of music chosen; in this context, it is noted that the stores of Starbucks in China offer to the business a unique competence towards the competitors (Wang 2012). 1.2 Intangible Resources The intangible resources of a business do not have a physical existence; intellectual property rights that the business have in regard to its products and the brands that the business owns are common examples of intangible resources (Sehgal 2010). For achieving a high competitiveness through its intangible resources, a firm needs to periodically update those resources, according to the market trends. The example of Toyota that developed Lexus as a separate brand so that it is able to increase its competitiveness in the luxury cars sector is important for understanding such practice (Sehgal 2010, p.44). In the above case, Toyo ta would not be able to enter this sector without the employment of a unique resource, such as the new brand (Sehgal 2010, p.44). 1.3 Human Resources Human resources can also lead to competitive advantage if they are unique (Rao and Sivaramakrishna 2009). The uniqueness of these resources would be related to a variety of issues, such as the quality of training, the hiring/ selection process or the performance appraisal (Rao and Sivaramakrishna 2009). In Starbucks employees are given the training that it is commonly available to the sector’s employees; also, no unique feature seems to exist in regard to the firm’s selection/ hiring process or the skills/ competencies of employees (Starbucks Coffee International 2013) 2.0 Starbucks’s Capabilities strategy in term of Value chain At the next level, the Capabilities strategy of Starbucks should be also reviewed. Porter’s Value Chain model could be used for evaluating the specific strategy of Starbucks. Accordi ng to Porter (2008) the activities of each organization contribute, more or less, to the development of products/ services that ‘are valuable to their buyers’ (Porter 2008, p.38). These activities can be categorized into ‘

Sunday, July 28, 2019

Training for new sales representatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Training for new sales representatives - Essay Example es should be learn how to target potential customers, contacting the potential customers through phone calls or impromptu visits at their homes or work places. Securing appointments is the main aim of prospecting sales. The second training objective should be communication skills. The sales people should have the knowledge on how to communicate well with customers, how to build a rapport, how to listen to customers, and how to connect with customers (U.S. Department of labor, 2014). Moreover, this involves establishing credibility, building trust, and understanding the customer’s needs. In addition, the sales people should be aware of the fact that how they present themselves will heavily influence the sale. The training program should also focus on closing the deal. Apparently, making sales is the ultimate objective of training new sales representative. The training should also cover how to overcome rejections from customers, maintaining confidence in selling the products and services even when turned down, doing follow ups on proposed appointments, negotiating strategies with the customers and determining alternative solutions that will lead to a sale. Upon completion of the training, the sales people should be ready to find customers, know how to communicate properly with customers, how to persuade a sale indirectly and be able to close the deal. The sales people should be aware of the fact that not everyone approached will be friendly and so confidence will be highly needed. The sales people should also know the performance expectations and targets in order to deliver quality performance (U.S. Department of labor, 2014). Quality performance is only achievable if a person has the determination and drive to work towards the targets set. The target-training group should possess certain skills, needs, and interest like excellent sales, negotiation skills, excellent communication skills, high levels of confidence, be a team player, possess good organizational,

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Response - Essay Example It is hard to interpret this new move of soda giants. It could be a step in the right direction, or another corporate lie aiming at health-oriented people who would think they are making the right choice by consuming chemical-infused sodas that might not be so healthy for them in the long term perspective. According to a recent publication in The New York Times, a new advertising battle is brewing between soft beverage giants Coca Cola and PepsiCo (Martin, 1). After the cola wars, the diet cola wars and the mid-calorie cola wars, a vitamin cola war is ahead. Diet sodas will be dueling to entice consumers with the promise of a little healthy extra in their glass. Coca Cola plans to introduce a new brand of diet Coke with vitamins and minerals. The company is preparing for a spring or mid-summer launch of the Diet Coke Plus. PepsiCo is also ready to shoot. Their new Diet Pepsi Max will be infused with ginseng and more caffeine than the well-known, regular Diet Pepsi. The company is also preparing a vitamin counter-attack - Tava, which is expected to hit the shelves in June. Both diet sodas respond to a growing market niche. The health and wellness industry boom created a new category of "functional beverages". They promise a wide range of benefits for the consumers - they claim to invigorate, energize, stimulate, refresh and beautify, among everything else. Right now this immensely growing market segment is dominated by small players such as Red Bull, Mountain Dew, Vitamin Water and green tea drinks, while Coke and Pepsi are staying behind the healthy scene. The author of the article claims that the $ 68 billion soda business has dropped for the first time in 2005 (Martin, 1). A steady downfall was estimated even in diet Coke consumption. As sales of full-sugar soda decline, PepsiCo and Coca Cola are racing to add low-calories and non-carbonated drinks to their product mix. In contrast, sales of mineral water, energy drinks and green tea drinks are growing in double-digits. Confused by the fact that Coca-Cola Classic may not continue to make life taste good for a long time, Coca Cola marketing teams are exploring different opportunities in response to the poor performance of soda drinks. An increased interest in soft drinks with vitamins added has emerged. The beginning of this brand new trend was put by the "Gatorade concept" which aimed to increase the popularity of health drinks with both energizing and rejuvenating qualities among sport-oriented consumers. As drinks like "Gatorade" became widely spread, so did the soda giants' marketing plans towards a growing niche of specific target groups with specific wants and needs. In fact, healthy soda seems not to be an entirely new idea. According to the New York Times article, "7UP Plus", which appeared in 2004, was a low-calorie soda fortified with minerals and vitamins. It was claimed to be "100% natural". The product contained high-fructose corn syrup though and after public pressure the company was forced to change the label to: "100 percent natural flavor" (Martin, 1). When large and popular companies, such as Coca Cola and PepsiCo explore new market opportunities and invade new market niches, they face the need to build up new public images of their "healthy" brands. These companies must decide whether to use their already affirmed brands for assistance, or to invest in search for new corporate identities. If the

Friday, July 26, 2019

Little Red Roaster (LRR) coffee outlets Case Study

Little Red Roaster (LRR) coffee outlets - Case Study Example This paper will therefore bring to the surface the weaknesses that prevent quick growth of the business due to managerial poor approach. It will also identify and discuss on those threats that arise from the external environment and thus outside control of the business. While doing so, this case report will also identify the strengths the business has achieved out of its current operating strategies and the opportunities available. Upon a critical analysis of the problem, it emerges that LRR faces more business development challenges in terms of expanding than mismanagement. The business is challenged with how best it can expand its current operating capacity to tap the improperly tapped coffee beverage market. The report analysis will also therefore endeavor to analyze the seemingly big problems related to room for expansion, outside catering and delivery of products. After identifying all these factors, this case analysis and report will review the alternatives available for a new course of action. In so doing, the case report will also discuss and elaborate on the reasons for adoption of such criteria. The adoption of any criterion will be based on the overall financial position of the Little Red Roast and the interplay of other external variables like availability of space and ready and reliable market. Alternatives are usually not necessarily the only choices to choose from by a business. Therefore the report will only identify the options and present them to the management for final decision-making. Recommendation for LRR will be based on the overall analysis and available options for the business. Rationale for such recommendation will be based on other aspects like the consequences of each one of them. Every new venture comes with its own unpredictable risks. This case report will therefore also do a forecast of possible risks that come with the available options. It will be up to the management to decide which option will be in the best interest for th e business given the prevailing circumstances and condition. Finally, this case report will come up with an action plan with critical Steps, potential problem identified above and a contingency plan for each step in the action plan. This will be tabulated for ease of analysis and better understanding of the scenario. It is of vital importance to note that all these are aimed at helping LRR expand its coffee business in the most profitable manner that is both customer friendly and management friendly. Situational Analysis LRR is a chain of small retail coffee shops that offer a variety of light foods and beverages. The business outlet started as a retail business in 1995. It is located in various places such as Byron, Covent Garden Market, London Central Library, and London Provincial Courthouse. It also operates in Springbuck, St. Thomas-Elgin General Hospital, The renaissance and Wortley village. The business offers coffees, tea, gourmet beverages, breakfast, light lunches and snac ks. The company has been in business for eight years (seventeen years by now) and continues to

Public Value and Accessibility of Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Public Value and Accessibility of Art - Essay Example One fact is that it is observable that art allows one to live life happier and lighter. Art can be observed as having played a crucial role in life throughout the ages. It can be described as universal because its presence is seen everywhere, in every country and culture with their own depiction of art. Cave dwellers of prehistoric times used art by drawing on the walls to record history. Religion uses art in recording the life and death of Christ. An artist creates art for a specific reason and purpose, which could be religious, symbolic, customary, traditional or just simply expressive. Whatever the purpose may be, art has been used as a way to express ideas and beliefs. With the question, "does a concern with public value in the cultural sector mean that it should be accessible to all", the answer to this is yes. This position is supported by a number of attempts from a shift of private art museums into making them public and allowing the people to see them. The Louvre is considered a prototypical public art museum that offers civic ritual (Duncan 1995). The Louvre also made public art museums become signs of politically virtuous states. It contributed to the flourishing of the art in public domain that by the end of the 19th century, every western nation had one important public art museum (Duncan 1995). The popularity of public museums had spread in the third world in the 20th century in which military despots and traditional monarchs built them to pay respect to the western values as well as in gratitude to their western military and economic aid (Duncan 1995). It is also said that political advantages go along with public art (Duncan 1995). In Europe, two of the most important public art museums are the Louvre Museum in Paris and the National Gallery in London. The two have different histories and collection yet both of them stand as monuments of the then emerging age of democratic revolutions (Duncan 1995). The cultural value of art is brought more clearly when it is publicized or when the public is allowed to take a view of it. Although in the past, certain works of art were put under censorship and/or created a public stir such as Goya's Nude Maja, these works now are considered an icon of cultural value in which people can study the social condition of the past through them. The government support for the arts can be understood as one in which arts produce cultural benefits while directly enriching artists, art firms, and arts consumers (Frey, 1997). This being said, pursuits for its public value allow for explorations of various possibilities in which they may be further promoted, in which that promotion implies inviting people to view them and making them accessible. Some of the benefits of arts are education, prestige, bequests to future generation, economic development, expressive freedom, and diversity, whose maximization can be realized by making them accessible to all. Through the arts, people may be culturally enriched in a community that involve vital arts sector and supports its undertaking. Despite not having to attend arts events and formal arts studies, the accessibility of arts must be ensured since it provides education through various forms, and people can still obtain education and enhance themselves into

Thursday, July 25, 2019

Contemporary Issues in Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Contemporary Issues in Accounting - Essay Example Toyota Motor Corporation, Japan's largest and the world's #4 carmaker by 2003 sales (after General Motors, Ford, and Daimler Chrysler), had a wide range of products and strong brand names with high quality image. Toyota's growing reputation for quality and the very small numbers of technical problems in its vehicles generated interesting customer loyalty and a growing demand for its products. Toyota management was managing the company's inventory, costs and capacity very successfully and was applying cost reduction programs very well. Toyota had riving ambition to become greener. The company made a hybrid-powered (gas and electric) sedan- the prius- that had already been snapped up in U.S. and European markets. Toyota also made huge investments in developing fuel-cell technology for its vehicles. Its gas-powered cars, pick-ups, minivans, and SUVs included such models as the Camry, Celica, Corolla, 4Runner, Echo, Land Cruiser, Sienna, the luxury Lexus line, and a full-sized pick-up tr uck, the v-8 Tundra. With its wide distribution channels, strong channel efficiency and effectiveness, Toyota was successfully competing with the world's upper three auto makers and poised to replace GM in the top spot this decade. Toyota was known world-wide for its up-to-date vehicles, strong vehicle design, comfortableness, safety, strong resistance to wind and rollover, low fuel consumption, presence of electronic and other devices in the vehicles, and strong reputation for luxury. Surveys, however, rated the attractiveness and comfort of its passenger cars as mediocre. Also rated mediocre was the off-road excellence of its SUVs. Toyota was a leader in technological improvements, such as drive, production and vehicle construction technology and had a solid ability to design and innovate new products, to differentiate its products, to innovate new vehicle lines, and to extend existing vehicle lines. Six stakeholders of Company: In the case of Toyota the stakeholders or the users of the annual reports include "present and potential investors, employees, lenders, suppliers and other trade creditors, customers, governments and their agencies and the public. They use financial reports in order to satisfy some of their different needs for information" (Australian Accounting Standards Board, 2004). The improvement in public scrutiny and the controlled market discipline is largely dependent upon the meaningful and accurate disclosure of information. This not only helps the shareholders but also helps the organisation to conduct business in a safe and efficient manner by achieving their targets through improving their risk management processes. The researchers find many gaps in the appropriate disclosure of risk by the organisations. Many surveys have been

Wednesday, July 24, 2019

Pocahontas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pocahontas - Essay Example This custom could be seen as a ritual death which the hostile natives perpetrated on strangers in their land. Later, the chief adopted Smith as his son, or a subordinate chief. Pocahontas and Smith soon became friends. Pocahontas started visiting the English settlement to bring them food since there was always a shortage of food in the English settlements where Smith lived. The colonists were not adept at hunting food and also were not familiar with the local terrains which became a handicap in their search for food. Despite being the chieftain’s daughter, Pocahontas provided immense help to the English settlers, for which her efforts should be seen as the first attempt to bridge the cultural difference and ethnic rivalry. Because of this contribution, â€Å"she remains an important part of American folk history to this day.† (Spectrum home & school magazine 2006). Subsequently, an injury from a gunpowder explosion forced John Smith to return to England in 1609. The settlers told the natives that John Smith was dead and Pocahontas also believed it. In the year 1613, Pocahontas was kidnapped by some English settlers and brought to Jamestown. They used her as a ransom for negotiating the release of English prisoners and firearms from her father. He agreed to release the prisoners but refused to part with the weapons, and hence Pocahontas was held back. From Jamestown she was moved to Henrico for religious indoctrination into Christianity. This denotes the fact that intrinsically the Algonquian tribe was receptive to the idea of cultural transition from one religion to another. This is all the more significant because a teenage girl had done this. She was one of the first America in Virginia State to convert to Christianity, and this act pioneered the advent of Christianity in North America, from where it spread to other regions of America. Thus Pocahontas marked an important milestone in the cultural history of America. During her stay in Henrico, in the

Tuesday, July 23, 2019

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Personal Statement Example ’— This issue always bothered me much and I began to make detailed study of sociology of crimes. Reformation and rehabilitation of prison inmates: I was selected to study the conditions in Central Jail Tihar, New Delhi (India) and the amenities available to the jail inmates. I was one among group of 12 college students from different countries chosen by the authorities of the UNESCO Head Office at Paris for a three months study-cum-research project on the subject of â€Å"Reformation and Rehabilitation of Prisoners† and I represented the State of Texas, America. India has a huge Jail population, and Tihar is the biggest Jail in India, with an average population of 14000 inmates spread over 13 Jails in different parts of New Delhi. Our first meeting was with the Public Relations Officer of Tihar Administration. He seemed to have read the thought processes going on in the minds of some of us. He gave us, among other literature, a 4 page pamphlet than began with the following quote from Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, which read thus: â€Å"Another error which people indulge in is the fear that ‘if jail conditions are improved people will flock in’! This shows a singular ignorance of human nature. No one wants to go to prison however good the prison might be. To be deprived of liberty and family life and friends and home surroundings is terrible thing. It is well known that the Indian peasant will prefer to stick to his ancestral soil and starve rather than go elsewhere to better his condition.† The technological development and the promised benefits of the materialistic civilization, the youngsters from rural areas of India are migrating to the metropolitan cities. This is the problem before many developing countries. Unable to get proper employment, with poor accommodation facilities, they take to the path of crime to get rich quickly. Once they are arrested and land in Jail, they come across m any hardened criminals who advise them about the â€Å"benefits† of the criminal life. The process of degeneration begins, and this is one of the important reasons for increase in the Jail population. Another stunning revelation was presented before us. Amongst the jail population, the number of actual convicts is just 30% and the rest are under trials. The judicial process is very slow in India and the reasons for that are manifold. On a cursory glance of the literature relating to functioning of the jails, we found that it was due to shortage of the investigating and judicial officers, delay in the submission of the charge sheet and the subsequent hearings take years and the accused remains languished within the four walls of the prison. An unfortunate consequence of the prevailing social and economic conditions in India is the steady increase in the Jail population. Overcrowding in Jails is a serious issue and in some Jails, it is to such an extent, that prisoners sleep in shifts. Gangsters, bride-burners, anti-social elements, petty thieves, and all sorts of criminals are accommodated together, under the brand of under trials. Prisoners are a special kind of humanity and they need individual counselling depending upon the nature of crimes committed by them and as per their mental frame. The next issue is about the judicial process. Those guilty need to be awarded punishment quickly and innocents should not be made to languish in prisons. In the first few days of our study, we interviewed a number of top officials from the prison

Monday, July 22, 2019

Experimentation Essay Example for Free

Experimentation Essay Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability: Activity 2: Simulated Facilitated Diffusion Lab Report Pre-lab Quiz Results You scored 100% by answering 4 out of 4 questions correctly. 1. Molecules need a carrier protein to help them move across a membrane because You correctly answered: d. they are lipid insoluble or they are too large. 2. Which of the following is true of facilitated diffusion? You correctly answered: c. Movement is passive and down a concentration gradient. 3. Examples of solutes that might require facilitated diffusion include You correctly answered: d. all of the above.Which of the following would not affect the rate of facilitated diffusion? You correctly answered: a. the amount of intracellular ATP 08/30/12 page 1 Experiment Results Predict Question: Predict Question 1: What effect do you think increasing the number of protein carriers will have on the glucose transport rate? Your answer : a. The glucose transport rate will decrease. For facilitated diffusion, increasing the concentration of glucose on one side of the membrane is the same as You correctly answered: b. making the concentration gradient steeper 3. When all of the membrane carriers are engaged, or busy, we say they are You correctly answered: a. saturated. Â  Na+ Cl- had no effect on glucose transport because You correctly answered: b. odium is not required for glucose transport in the simulation. 08/30/12 page 3 Review Sheet Results 1. Explain one way in which facilitated diffusion is the same as simple diffusion and one way in which it is different from simple diffusion. Your answer: Simple diffussion moves molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower without an input of energy. facilitated follows the same rule but uses protein carrier molecules to allow substance that are fat solubles to diffuse through the cell membrane. The larger value obtained when more glucose carriers were present corresponds to an increase in the rate of glucose transport. Explain why the rate increased. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Your answer: My prediction was wrong the glucose transport rate would increase 3. Explain your prediction for the effect Na+ Cl- might have on glucose transport. In other words, explain why you picked the choice that you did. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Your answer: The rate should stay ther same 08/30/12 page 4

Precautions That Can Help Catch Breast Cancer in Its Earlier Stages Essay Example for Free

Precautions That Can Help Catch Breast Cancer in Its Earlier Stages Essay Specific Purpose: To inform the audience of how simple steps can help them catch breast cancer in its earlier stages before it is too late. Central Idea/ Thesis: Through the help of mammograms, self-examinations, and funding you can find a way to either detect breast cancer in its earlier stages or possibly be able to prevent it all together. Introduction I. â€Å"Each year, about 192,000 women and 1,900 men in the United States are diagnosed with invasive breast cancer. And each year, nearly 40,000 women and 440 men die from invasive breast cancer.† (U.S News, 2010) II. Breast Cancer is something that many people love to avoid. I grew up in a family where it quickly became a big part of our lives. My great grandmother’s life was nearly taken due to breast cancer. Her struggle through the process made me want to provide information on how helpful breast check up’s could be. III. There are many ways you can stay up to date on what is going on with your health in regards to breast cancer. Lots of medical equipment and funding have become very helpful in the fight against breast cancer. IV. Today I will inform you of all the options men and women have that are available to them to help in the early detection and possibly the prevention of breast cancer. I will explain how mammograms, self-examinations, and funding make it possible to fight the cause. (Let’s begin by first discussing mammograms) Body I. What is a mammogram? A. Mammograms are used to look for breast cancer in women who don’t have any symptoms B. Mammograms can help to reduce the number of death among the women ages 40-70 C. Some mammograms can give false-negative and false-positive results. D. Many men have breast symptoms, including enlarged or painful breast tissue, but the majority does not need a mammogram, say researchers from Mayo Clinic Cancer Center. E. It can lead to an early detection of breast cancer. F. Finding cancer early does not always reduce the chance of dying G. The Radiation exposure of a mammogram can be harmful H. What do Doctors suggest about mammograms? I. A recommendation was made that you should be getting them every 1 to 2 years, if you are a woman over the age of 40 J. Talk to your health care provider about when you should start getting them if you have a family history. K. Best method is high quality screening mammograms (Moving forward I would like to discuss another option that is available in the prevention of breast cancer) II. Self-Examination A. Self-examinations are convenient B. Self-examinations can be done in the comfort of your own home. C. It helps you to become familiar with what you are looking for. D. Male breast self-examination (MBSE) is to be performed each month. (Stephan, 2008) E. Mark the date for your male breast self-exam on your calendar. This will help you stay on track and reduce anxiety about normal breast changes. F. Not every cancer can be found through doing a self-examination (con) G. It builds a foundation that you can set at home on your own to get to know your own body.(pro) H. Tips for preforming self-examinations 1. Get in the habit of doing you self-examination in a regular (for men it should be monthly). 2. If you are doing a self-exam remember that you shouldn’t panic if you think you feel a lump. 3. Become familiarized with the different areas of your breast (Finally, we will take a look at how funding makes all these medical advances possible) III. Funding for the cure A. Funding and Foundations make a lot of the medical advances they are making in breast cancer possible. 1. Susan G. Komen is one of the most famous foundations known to the Breast cancer world. a. Susan G. Komen is a foundation dedicated to Nancy G. Brinker’s sister. b. In 1982, the promise Nancy prompted her to begin her work Susan G. Komen for the Cure and they launched the global breast cancer movement. c. `She launched a whole new perspective on breast cancer. d. Susan G. Komen is one of the leading foundations. B. There are lots of other outlets that provide funding for breast cancer a. Plenty of marathons raise money for Breast Cancer b. Locally we have the Donna finish with Breast Cancer c. The National Marathon to Finish Breast Cancer. 26.2 with Donna is the only marathon in the country that is dedicated exclusively to raising funds for breast cancer research and care (Scanlan, 2012) (In conclusion) Conclusion I. I hope that after explaining how mammograms, self-examinations, and funding for breast cancer can give you a better insight on preventative precautions you can take. II. I hope that in closing this speech you take with you some bit of knowledge about this very important issue and maybe even apply it to your everyday life. Even the men in the room can spread this message to the women in your life and other men that you care about, be mindful of your health and always remember that it is better to know then to live in the shadows, because of fear.

Sunday, July 21, 2019

An Overview Of A Constructions Productivity Construction Essay

An Overview Of A Constructions Productivity Construction Essay Recently, construction productivity is on a long-term slide and it is recognized as industry challenge. System, people, materials, information and energy must flow effectively and efficiently to produce its objective at high productivity to complete construction at lowest possible cost with possible shortest timeframe (Picard, 2005). Productivity is critically important in construction industry. Many researchers have expressed their concern over productivity in construction industry. Defining productivity is not a simple task to everybody. Different people will give different definition and understanding. Most of them agreed that marketable output was essentially the main measure used. Increased productivity was a leading concern to all Committee stakeholders such as users, contractors, and construction labor unions and led by the owner. The construction users emphasized the need of collecting data directly relevant to productivity improvement. The Committee was concluded that the front-line construction foreman/supervisor would be a reliable source of information. These informants would be asked to provide their judgment of the greatest impediments to a productive construction project (Tucker, 2003). Definition of productivity Within these several decades, many researchers have defined the productivity term in their studies in a number of ways. The term productivity has different meanings to different people. Many individuals automatically think only of labor unions when the term productivity is mentioned. Others associate capital expenditures with the term. Each of these interpretations is only partly correct (Adrian, 1993). Many researchers have attempted to define precisely the meaning of productivity and below are some of it that referred from their studies: Oglesby et al. (1989), presented that productivity can be defined as in-place value divided by inputs . Some researchers have defined it as works-hours divided by the equivalent quantity of work. In construction, productivity normally can be understood as work quantity divided by man-hours (or work-hours) consumed to accomplish the work. Productivity = Work Quantity Man-hours According to Dolman, Parham, Zheng, (2007), productivity is a measure in order to know how much output is produced per unit of input. Diewert Lawrence, (2006) presented that productivity can be defined as the level of economic output per unit of input and also per worker. Productivity is important to the wealth and well-being of a nation and give efforts to improve productivity occur at all levels of society. According to Hwang and Liu, (2005), productivity is an effective index that can indicate output of construction work quantity versus the input of resources. Productivity of a crew is directly impacts the cost and time needed to complete a task. By analyzing and forecasting productivity, project manager can be more effective to control and predict project time and cost throughout execution up to completion. Thomas and Mathew, (1986) presented that no standardized productivity definition had been established in the construction industry. It is difficult to define a standard productivity measure because companies use their own systems which are not standardized. Association simply illustrates the productivity between an output and an input. The form has been widely used and existing in literature over the years in construction industry is; Productivity = Input/Output Prokopenko, (1987), defined the productivity as effective and efficient utilization of all resources, labor, plant and materials. According to Jugdev, et al.,(2001), productivity is a ratio between inputs and outputs. In calculating the productivity, it is important to specify the inputs and outputs that to be measured because there are many inputs such as labors, materials, equipments, tools, capital and design in construction system. Uusi-Rauva and Hannula, (1996), presented that productivity can be defined as internal efficiency of the organization or other object to be measured. A more precise definition of productivity is the following: output divide by the input that is used to generate output. Output is consists of products or services and input is consists of materials, labor, capital, energy, etc. Productivity is not only affected by the quantities of inputs and outputs but also the qualities of inputs and outputs. According to Halligan, et al., (1994), there are many ways to define productivity. In construction, it is usually taken to mean labor productivity which is units of work placed or produced per man-hour. Teicholz, (2004), stated that productivity in construction industry was measured by constant contract dollars of new construction work per hourly work hour The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS, 2009) of the U.S. Department of Labor was defines productivity into two type which are labor productivity and multifactor productivity. Labor productivity can be measures as output per hour of labor and it is used in over 40 industries including construction. Productivity can be calculated by dividing the quantity of work completed (Quantity) by number of labor hours used to complete the work (Man Hours). A productivity value represents performance of an operation with respect to time and cost, where activity duration and activity cost is directly affected by productivity. Duration (Hours) = Quantity of Works (Quantity / Man Hours) = Quantity of Works Productivity The formula above indicates how critical the reliability of the productivity factors in estimation time. Measurement of productivity There is controversy surrounding productivity that rooted in the differences in data collection. It is due to incorrect in assuming productivity measured uniformly and that all published productivity values have the same basis (Whiteside, 2006) Overall conception of productivity is difficult to express or to measure. It is sometimes expressed either in terms of output from labor or from services or from capital invested. These parts of expressions often do not give an accurate picture of the overall position. Although, there are measurements of some or all of the inputs and outputs of the industry but they still failed to combine these measurements into any satisfactory measure of efficiency. In fact, the ratio is easy to compute if the unit uses a single input to produce a single output (Choy, 2008). According to Whiteside, (2006), production is average direct labor hours to install a unit material. He also stressed that in perfect world, perfect productivity (1.0) will be accomplished in 40-hour work week, with everyone taking all of their holidays and vacation days planned. It is regarding to all the engineering drawings must be 100% complete, there would be no delays of any kind, everyone would work safely, everything would fit perfectly at the first time, the weather would be 70 degrees Fahrenheit and there would be no litigation at the end of the project. But, we do not live in perfect world and true productivity is often poorly understood. The first challenge in understanding productivity is lacking of common terms. The definition of hours identified as direct labor should be consistent. Second is too much focus in determining productivity which is incorrectly placed on the individual worker. Productivity is something to do with the worker because many workers work at the s ame rates. The main thing should be focused in productivity measurement is proper or complete planning. It is because like-out-sequence work will contribute to lower productivity due to the rework hours required to complete the original task. The final challenge is how to make productivity comparison when the data used in productivity studies before have the same basis. Productivity is not based on wage rates or cost data alone and it is improper to combine wage rate, hours and material quantities to make productivity comparison. According to Hwang and Liu, (2009), construction productivity studies have centered on the identification of factors that influence productivity and quantification of the impact of such factor on productivity. As a result, there were various qualitative and quantitative factors have been discovered and various methods for productivity have been presented. Majority of those methods are based on relationships between productivity and factors. Based on Thomas and Yiakoumis (1987), they stated that theory underlying the factor model is the work of crew is affected by a number of factors. If the cumulative effect of these disturbances can be mathematically represented, then the expected actual productivity can be estimate. But, it is not always feasible to quantify the impact of various factors and represent the relationships mathematically. Another limitation is the value of many related factors in future is not available and thus, they have to be estimated. In fact, some of the factors can be correlated with others which the correlation may be higher or lower under different situations. There is several research efforts have been devoted to developing models. The models that being used in the construction industry are such as below: According to Sonmez and Rowings, (1998); Portas and AbouRizk, (1997), recommended Neutral Network (NN) techniques which have been used to develop method of productivity prediction. Everett and Farghal, (1994), recommended learning curves that for various activities. Abdelhamid and Everett, (1999), have applied time series analysis to evaluate hoisting performance comparing the CRANIUM technology with the conventional technique. According to Brockwell and Davis, (2002), ARMA (autoregressive moving average) models are used to model time-lagged relationship of self-correlated observations within a single series. Cumulative Average and Simple Moving Average that wisely used to model a single time series Exponential Smoothing produce forecasts of weighted value of past observation with exponentially decreasing weights (NIST, 2006). Although there are numbers of publications exist on construction productivity, there is no agreed upon definition of work activities nor a standard productivity measurement system. Most of researchers have concluded that it is difficult to obtain a standard method to measure construction labor productivity because of project complexity and unique characteristics of the construction projects (Oglesby et al. 1989). The uniqueness and non repetitive of operation in construction projects make it is difficult to develop a standard productivity definition and measure (Sweis, 2000). Current measurement of productivity in construction industry Our labor productivity experts specialize in labor productivity analysis and may utilize the following industry-recognized methodologies, where appropriate: Measured Mile Analysis Work Sampling Comparable Work Study General and Specialty Industry Studies (Mechanical Contractors Association of America [MCAA],  Construction Industry Institute [CII], Business Roundtable, etc.) Total Cost Method Modified Total Cost Method Time and Motion Studies   The selection of a particular productivity analysis methodology is depends on the project facts, the nature of the events being analyzed, the nature and extent of available labor data and may vary from project to project. Each of the above-referenced productivity analysis methodologies has inherent its own advantages and disadvantages. Interface Consulting has extensive experience handling construction labor productivity claims and construction claims consultants are skilled at tailoring productivity analysis approach to suit a projects needs and constraints (ICII, 2009). Factors influence productivity in construction According to Tucker, (2003), he presented the most factors that can affect the construction productivity especially on site as below: Design: specifications, drawings, documents have to be improved Field support for timely responses; have architect/engineer on site with field competency Coordinate Design/Review Timely RFIs/RFPs (Request For Informations/Request For Proposals) Construction/Project management competency He also suggested that productivity improvement should be done based on this area: Constructability of the design documents with input of major contractors on schedule quality and realism Coordination among major contractors Pre-project planning Communication and teamwork between owners, design professionals, contractors and labor Improvement of the construction management process. Parisi, (2008) presented that potential factors influence the construction productivity are many, including out-of-sequence work; skilled labor shortages; worker crowding/congested work areas; interference of trades; owner interference; design problems and defects; contractors inadequate management/supervision; failure to properly staff the project; overtime; and acceleration. Lim et al (1995) studied factors affecting productivity in the construction industry in Singapore. Their findings indicated that the most important problems affecting productivity were: difficulty with recruitment of supervisors; difficulty with recruitment of workers; high rate of labour turnover; absenteeism from the work site; and communication problems with foreign workers. Olomolaiye et al (1996) studied factors affecting productivity of craftsmen in Indonesia, with their findings indicating craftsmen in Indonesia spent 75 % of their time working productively. Five specific productivity problems were identified: ie lack of materials; rework; absenteeism; lack of equipment; and tools. Kane et al (cited in Herbsman et al, 1990) classified factors affecting construction productivity into two main groups: technological factors and administrative factors. The technological factors encompass those related mostly to the design of the project; the administrative group factors relate to the management and construction of the project. Technological factors comprise sub-groups such as design factors, material factors and location factors. Administrative factors comprise sub-groups, such as construction methods and procedural factors, equipment factors, labour factors, and social factors. Heizer and Render (1990) classified factors influencing site productivity into 3 groups: labour characteristic factors; project work conditions factors; and nonproductive activities. Olomolaiye et al (1998) stated that factors affecting construction productivity are rarely constant, and may vary from country to country, from project to project, and even within the same project, depending on circumstances. They classified factors influencing construction productivity into 2 categories: external and internal, representing those outside the control of the firm s management, and those originating within the firm.. External factors included the nature of the industry, construction client knowledge of construction procedure, weather, and level of economic development. Internal factors included management, technology, labour, and labour unions. Enshassi et al 2006, Enshassi et al 2007, and Al Haddad 2007 stated that among the problems which the Palestinian construction industry is facing are material supply schedules and project scheduling techniques. Although a number of training courses were conducted to local contractors, these training efforts did not focus enough on the abilities to use project scheduling techniques such as Microsoft project and Primavera. Therefore training effort should also be tailored to improve methods of studying productivity and ways of productivity improvement on construction sites. The important productivity rate in project scheduling The duration of construction project is a key factor to consider before starting a new project which is it can be determine project success of failure. Despite the uncertainty and risk level is very high in construction industry, current construction planning which is more relies on traditional deterministic scheduling method is still not clearly ascertain the level of uncertainty involved in the project. Subsequently, it can prolong a projects duration and cannot be completed within the allocation time of the project (Lee, et al., 2009). Construction projects are subjected to changes which it require constant performance monitoring and follow-up schedule updates. Project manager must take proactive attitude to analyze project data and to predict potential problems and delay in order to make timely decisions and to reduce the negative impact on cost and schedule (Hwang and Liu, 2005). Planning in construction is a complex and iterative process. A plan usually is prepared based on the estimates by the participants actual commitment. Therefore, construction productivity plan plays a significant role in the process. Based on Parisi, (2008), in estimating labor, there are several key factors that should be considered: Productivity of its field forces Union labor agreements and requirements Past experience with the owner, designer, and construction manager Labor availability Specialty trades Therefore, if the actual construction work deviates from the anticipated plan, once the contract is signed and the project is underway, several situations may result as below: The job may take more time because the progress is not being made at the rate projected in the original baseline schedule and thus, project completion must be extended. (In such cases, acceleration of the remaining activities may be implemented to recover time) More hours of labor may be required to install the work items because materials are not being installed by the contractors workforce at the productivity rates (the anticipated quantities of material to be installed per hour) same as estimated in the original bid. An overrun of both time and labor may occur. In order to succeed, the companies must make a phase affirmative action into the total management of productivity through a formalized, documented process such as depicted in Figure 2.0. The process should be started with historical productivity analysis. The knowledge that gained from this processes should then be utilized to forecast and manage future productivity. The supervisor that involved in this process must implement and monitor the predetermined productivity values. Only then the companies can be more competitive and successful in todays global market Figure 2.0: A model to manage construction productivity Construction industry seemed as low sector when there is low technology and low skilled employments occur. According to Saad, (2002), in order to raise level of construction productivity, it is recommended that the projects should have the following features: High degree of standardization Design is preferred to use pre-fabricated units or pre-assemble forming system Building system should be easy and simple to construct and repetitive Well managed construction methods with details planning and specification High level of mechanized methods and skilled workers Roof works Roof is a basic human need is for shelter, which for most of us consists of a few walls and a roof over our heads. Roofs come in many shapes and sizes. One of the main reasons for having a roof is to keep out rainwater and snow. The selection of roof is based on the following characteristics: Stability Protection from the sun, weather, wind and rain Durablity Heat resistance Brightness and ventilation Beauty Construction of roof must be strong and able to support the load and stressed that going to happen. The load that is attributable to roof, firstly is dead load which is the weight of the roof trusses, roof covering; secondly is live load which is consists of tools, equipment, workers, rain water and lastly is wind load. Wind is a major stress to the roof which is difficult to forecast accurately. Roof stability is depends on the support such as roof trusses, column, walls, beams and foundation of the building. Design of roof also takes into account the respective functions of the building. Building for residential and office should have a comfortable situation in terms of condition, light, air and dam parts sounds. Industrial buildings and warehouses may require heat insulation on the roof to maintain the same conditioning in buildings. Traffic in the building to allow use of the pillars supporting the roof of the short-range distance. Roof for theater and stadium, must be supported by long span of roof trusses and the support in the middle will distrupt the view and noise and sound effect protection from the audience. Productivity work to be consider in roof works The productivity works to be considered in this study as below: Installation of roof trusses (cold form) Installation of insulation Installation of roof covering (concrete roof tiles and metal decking) No. of workers in group Daily Productivity (m2) METHOD PRODUCTIVITY OF ONE WORKING DAY Handling Half Mechanized Full Mechanized Summary From the literature review of the productivity in construction is important especially to provide accurate duration of task in building project scheduling. Rerefences: Dolman, B., Parham, D., Zheng, S. (2007), Can Australia match US productivity performance?, Retrieved May 7, 2007, from http://www.pc.gov.au/commission/work/productivity/publications/reports.html. Diewert, W. E. and Lawrence, D. (2006), Measuring the contributions of productivity and terms of trade to Australias economic welfare, Retrieved May 7, 2007, from http://www.pc.gov.au/commission/work/productivity/publications/reports.html. Oglesby, C.H., Parker, H.W. and Howell, G.A., (1989), Construction productivity improvements, McGraw Hill, New York Adrian, J.J. (1993), Construction Estimating: An accounting and productivity approach 4th Edition, 1993 Hwang, S. and Liu, L.Y. (2005), Proactive project control using productivity data and time series analysis, Computing in Civil Engineering 2005 Thomas, H.R. and Mathew, C.T., (1986), An analysis of the methods for measuring construction productivity, SD 13, Construction Industry Institute, The University of Texas. Whiteside, J.D., (2006), Construction Productivity, AACE International Transaction, 2006 Picard, (2005), Construction productivity qualifications, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA Prokopenko, J.,(1987), Productivity management, Geneva International Labor Office. Jugdev, K., Thomas, J. and Delisle, C., (2001), Rethinking project management old truths and new insight, International Project Management Journal, 7(1), pp. 36-43 Uusi-Rauva, E. and Hannula, M., (1996), Measurement A tool for productivity Improvement, 9th International Working Seminar on Production Economics, Innsbruck, pp. 13-29 Halligan, D.W., Demsetz, L.A., Brown, J.D. and Pace, C.B., (1994), Action-response model and loss of productivity in construction, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, Vol. 120 No. 1, March 1994 Teicholz, P., (2004), Labor productivity declines in the construction industry: Causes and remedies, AECbytes Viewpoint #4, April 14 2004. Tucker, W.W., (2003), Construction Productivity Study Summary, Eastern Michigan University, 2003. Choy, C.F., (2008), Productive efficiency of Malaysian construction sector, Built-Environment Department, Faculty of Engineering and Science, University Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia. Lee, H.S., Shin, J.W., Park, M. and Ryu, H.G, (2009), Probabilistic duration estimation model for high-rise structural work, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, December, 2009 Hwang, S. and Liu, L.Y. (2009), Predicting short term productivity I: Contemporaneous time series and forecasting Methodologies, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, December, 2009 Sonmez, R. and Rowing, J.E., (1998), Construction labor productivity modeling with neutral network, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, December, 124(6), 498-504 Portas, J. and AbouRizk, S. (1997), Neutral network model estimating construction productivity, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 123(4), 399-410 Everett, J.G. and Fargahl, S. (1994), Learning curve predictors for construction field operations, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 120(3), 603-614 Abdelhamid, T.S. and Everett, J.G., (1999), Time series analysis for construction productivity experiments, Journal of Construction Engineering and Management, 125(2), 87-95 NIST, (2006), Engineer statistic handbook Oglesby, C.H., Parker, H.W., and Howell, G.A., (1989), Productivity improvement in construction, McGraw-Hill, New York. Sweis, G.J., (2000), Impact of conversion technology on productivity in masonry construction, PhD dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston, III. Interface Consulting International, Inc.(ICII), 2009 Parisi, R.F., (2008), When the best-laid plans go astray A primer on labor productivity, Capital Project Management, Inc. Saad, D.A, (2002), Standard labor productivity of reinforced concrete building structures and factor affecting on it, Thesis presented to university of Technology, Iraq FACTORS AFFECTING LABOUR PRODUCTIVITY IN BUILDING PROJECTS IN THE GAZA STRIP Adnan Enshassi1, Sherif Mohamed2, Ziad Abu Mustafa1 and Peter Eduard Mayer3

Saturday, July 20, 2019

Personal Narrative: Comparing a Relationship to a Fairy Tale :: essays research papers

Almost every little girl grew up on the fantasy stories of true love that lasts forever. I don’t know about true love, but I thought I had finally found the guy who could make me feel complete for a little while. I can still remember how I felt the first time I met him. I thought I had been dreaming, that the man in front of me wasn’t a real person. I thought it would never happen though, because of the absoulute fool I made out of myself the first time we met. As luck would have it though, before I even knew his name, one of his friends was trying to set us up. It was a shock for a girl like me that had never exactly been anyone’s first choice for a prospective girlfriend. The next month was probably the best month I had had in many years as I spent it talking with and spending time with this man that seemed far to perfect. He seemed to be the one I could share anything with, and he cared for me as he would try to cheer me up when he heard that I had been sick a nd injured. I couldn’t have asked for a better person in my life at that moment. At the end of the month he pulled me aside and asked if I would date him, and that’s when what I then thought would be a fantastic relationship started. Unfortunately, fate has a nastly habit of ripping happiness from unsuspecting victims. Not a week or so latter, every thing that could possibly have gone wrong in a relationship stated happening. At first it was just my discovering his old drinking problem that might not have been such ancient history, but that one issue planted doubt in my mind as I started to doubt if he was really as perfect as I thought. The next month was still a great month for our relationship, besides the problems that were arising and the doubt starting to form in my mind. In this time we even shared our first kiss, one of those foot popping moments that happen in movies that usually shows that everything in the relationship will work out. I now had some hope, but there was still doubt. In fairly tales, there is always some evil creature that is trying to sabotage the relationship between the two lovers, and there is an adventure that they both overcome and live happily ever after. Personal Narrative: Comparing a Relationship to a Fairy Tale :: essays research papers Almost every little girl grew up on the fantasy stories of true love that lasts forever. I don’t know about true love, but I thought I had finally found the guy who could make me feel complete for a little while. I can still remember how I felt the first time I met him. I thought I had been dreaming, that the man in front of me wasn’t a real person. I thought it would never happen though, because of the absoulute fool I made out of myself the first time we met. As luck would have it though, before I even knew his name, one of his friends was trying to set us up. It was a shock for a girl like me that had never exactly been anyone’s first choice for a prospective girlfriend. The next month was probably the best month I had had in many years as I spent it talking with and spending time with this man that seemed far to perfect. He seemed to be the one I could share anything with, and he cared for me as he would try to cheer me up when he heard that I had been sick a nd injured. I couldn’t have asked for a better person in my life at that moment. At the end of the month he pulled me aside and asked if I would date him, and that’s when what I then thought would be a fantastic relationship started. Unfortunately, fate has a nastly habit of ripping happiness from unsuspecting victims. Not a week or so latter, every thing that could possibly have gone wrong in a relationship stated happening. At first it was just my discovering his old drinking problem that might not have been such ancient history, but that one issue planted doubt in my mind as I started to doubt if he was really as perfect as I thought. The next month was still a great month for our relationship, besides the problems that were arising and the doubt starting to form in my mind. In this time we even shared our first kiss, one of those foot popping moments that happen in movies that usually shows that everything in the relationship will work out. I now had some hope, but there was still doubt. In fairly tales, there is always some evil creature that is trying to sabotage the relationship between the two lovers, and there is an adventure that they both overcome and live happily ever after.

Friday, July 19, 2019

Free Awakening Essays: A Reader Response :: Chopin Awakening Essays

A Reader Response to The Awakening  Ã‚   I had not read The Awakening before, and these notes are on a real â€Å"first reading† , and as a result deal mostly with my emotional response and thoughts on the style and general content of the story, I enjoyed the language and the â€Å"texture† of the writing. The subtle characterizations were done well, although the introduction of the characters seemed a bit unclear at times. The languid pace of the novel seem to fit the story and location of the action on one level, but seemed at odds with the violent, brash , turbulent nature of the emotional heart of the novel, Edna’s trying to connect to her true self. I often found myself wanting things to move on. At times the writing reminded me of Hemingway(of all people) in its description of eating and drinking , small actions that tell a lot about a character, and frequent use of French or Spanish phrases within the text: â€Å"Robert rolled a cigarette. He smoked cigarettes because he could not afford cigars,...† (44) â€Å"She was hungry again, for the Highcamp dinner, though of excellent quality, had lacked abundance. She rummaged in the larder and brought forth a slice of â€Å"Gruyere† and some crackers. She opened a bottle of beer...† (116) â€Å"Well, good-by, a jeudi,†...(108) â€Å"The sun was low in the west and the breeze was soft and warm.†(53) But unlike Hemingway, I often got the feeling that Chopin did not trust either her writing and the images and metaphors she used, or the reader to understand her more subtle sections. She seemed to feel often that she had to go back and tell the reader what a certain image or action â€Å"really† meant , as if we wouldn’t understand. It was difficult, especially at first, to identify with Edna. I thought at first that this woman just had too much time to think and little else to do with her life,(Which ultimately might be Chopin’s point). A woman with so little to really â€Å"worry about†, in the context that most of us have daily problems, mostly of a material kind, to take up our thoughts. Also. her reaction to her children,(as well as her husbands), made me feel for them.(This was the first thought that came into my mind when Edna walked into the ocean. Is finding freedom for our soul synonymous with freedom from our responsibilities?

Development of Tools Throughout Time Essay -- essays papers

Development of Tools Throughout Time Our world today has many different kinds of tools. I realized this when I was walking through The Home Depot a few weeks ago. On one isle are nails, and screws, the next isle there are power drills to go along with power saws and power sanders. Now imagine the world with no tools, no nails or screws. It would be pretty difficult to do most anything. We would have no houses to live in, no cars to travel to work in, and we would have no place of employment in which to work. Without tools our world would be nothing. This is the world our ancestors faced, and they had nothing but rocks and sticks. Homo Habilis had the challenge of being the first hominid with a larger brain, which allowed him to have the ability to do more things. With early hominids lacking size and strength to kill large animals they used certain objects to kill and devour these animals. This ultimately led to the development of tools. By 2.5 million years ago, a new human evolutionary trend had begun. The change to a upright bipedal posture, and existing flexibility at the shoulder, arms, and hands allowed hominids to carry and manipulate objects much more readily. Early hominids began to manipulate the physical world, inventing solutions to the problems of human existence. Instead of foraging, as do most primates, on a more or less individualistic basis for food sources, early hominids invented stone tools with which they could slay larger animals. This began a switch from scavenging to hunting as the main means by which meat was acquired. The earliest known tools yet discovered were found by Louis and Mary Leakey at Olduvai Gorge dating back to about two million years ago. They originally thought that these tools were made by the Australopithecus, but later determined that they were made by the Homo Habilis . The first tools found were classified as lower paleolithic tools. These tools belong to the Oldowan tool tradition. These tools which were opportunist in nature were characterized by an all-purpose generalized chopping tool. These were produced by removing a few flakes from a stone either by using another stone as a hammer or by striking a pebble against a large rock. Manufacturing tools this way is called the percussion method. Many of these tools were made out of quartz or lava; which were not the most common st... ...hominids we would have no understanding of any prehistoric life. Their technological advances helped us to create more efficient tools which allow us to research these ancient cultures. As one can see, we are presently expanding our modern tool kits every decade; so who is to say what technological advances will be made in the next several millennia's. Tools have evolved to influence, if not determine, human history. Bibliography Burenholt, Dr. Govan. The First Humans - Human Origins and History to 10,000 B.C. New York; Harper Collins Publishes. 1993 Haviland, William A. Anthropology - Ninth Edition Orlando ,Florida; Harcourt College Publishers. 2000 Johanson, Donald and Lenora. Ancestors New York; Villard Books. 1994 Leaky, Richard. Origin of Humankind New York; Harper Collins Publishers. 1994 Rowlett, Ralph M., Michael G. Davis, and Robert B. Grabe. Friendly Fire http://anthropology.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?site=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoveringarchaeology.com%2F0599toc%2F5feature3-fire.shtml Time-Life Books. The Human Dawn New Jersey; Time-Life Books. 1990 Wallbank, T. Walter. Civilization Past and Present New York; Harper Collins Publishers. 1992

Thursday, July 18, 2019

George Gittoes

George Gittoes Case Study George Gittoes, born 1949 in Rockdale Sydney, NSW has trained at, The Yellow House, Sydney, NSW 1970-1971, Art Students’ league, New York, USA and The University of Sydney in 1968. George is an artist of many talents, he is known as a ceramist, screen artist, performance artist, printmaker, draughtsman, painter and photographer. Gittoes is also a filmmaker, known well for his documentary Soundtrack to War filmed throughout 2003-2004. His documentary captures authentic recounts from individuals who have experienced or are experiencing the war in Iraq.In this quote George explains why he partakes in works about war and humanitarian issues in today’s world, â€Å"Why do I do it? As far as choosing the roads I have traveled, I have this instinct that if I get comfortable, the work will lose its ‘sting’, so I go out of the comfort zones and into the wilderness to find my art. In the past it was the natural world where predators fed on gentler creatures. In the contemporary context, I go alone into a different kind of human wilderness – Rwanda, Bosnia, Afghanistan, Iraq – not to contemplate nature, but the basics of humanity†¦ George Gittoes (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/George_Gittoes) George Gittoes artwork, white earth is oil on canvas portrays political corruption and how youth were immersed in the propaganda of Nazi Youth. On the work, the boy’s ears are distorted, expressing the impossibility of closing them now and not listening to the lies he is immersed in. By using blue and yellow dividing lines in the background it separates the boy from the two official behind him giving orders and leading him.Gittoes witnessed an Afrikaner-Weerstands Beweging (AWB) rally during his visit to South Africa in 1994, there he saw a 15year old boy immersed in the propaganda of Nazi Youth. Whilst being pestered by photographers, Gittoes sympathises for the boy, as he recounts the rape and tortured . The boy in the work is too young to fully understand the political corruption circling around him and was stuck between being used by the AWB and being tortured by international press. You can relate to why the boy has shut his eyes, to lock out the controversy, but it is near impossible to shut his ears to the hate propaganda being inflicted on him by Terre Blanch (the figure to the right as explained by George). One side of the boy’s body is unnatural enlarged as if expressing his sway toward Terre and away from the other figure. If this is what is happening it explains why the other figure has one hand raised over his face in despair. This explains the world now and the world almost 20 years ago, as one of propaganda, corruption and the influences of political figures.The artwork White Earth explains in the title the racism that is ever so abundant in our world even to today. This belief of an all white country is thrust upon many, especially the young and naive like the boy being harassed in South Africa by corrupt political leaders or figure of authority. Gittoes is renowned about the way he creates work s by inspiration of his life experiences. He has a great deal of passion for art and humanity to be an eyewitness to the suffrage of mankind throughout the world is carried in his work. The social class portrayed in this painting is high and low.The political leader and dictator Terre Blanch is high in social class, whereas the boy may be lower in class making him an easy target for manipulation and subject to receiving hate propaganda from authority figures. The meanings shown in this is the meaning or influences, that what you here you are persuaded to believe even if you shut your eyes they cannot be blocked out. George Gittoes works are controversial but inspiring based on the true-life events that he witnesses he tries to portray, the emotions, belies, and stories through elements and aspect of the artwork.This artwork was well received by s ome but not all as some don’t believe in the Nazi youth propaganda and support Terre Blanch’s views. In conclusion this artwork ‘White Earth’ by George Gittoes is an in-depth representation of corruption, racism and power held by those few people trust and look to-political leaders. George has captured what I assume many are trying to get away from, hearing about hate propaganda, we can all shut our eyes but not many can shut their ears as well.

Wednesday, July 17, 2019

Psychological Testing Essay

singular apprehension analyzes atomic number 18 of deuce types Stanford-Binet discussion turn up and Wechsler testings. They tests single(a)s intelligence in arithmetic, vocabulary, comprehension, verbal amongst other disciplines. single(a) tests atomic number 18 mostly utilize in learning placement, clinical opinion and to nib an individualists skills in the force a wide a great of individuals atomic number 18 universe go steadyd (Roid, 2003). Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test is wontd in testing children that atomic number 18 intellectually deficient in entrap to place them in the special education programmes.These tests ar taken individually. single(a) tests be characterized by around(prenominal) emoluments they reconcile it realistic for the examiner to interact with the examinee establishing a rapport in which the interaction discount be observed and valueed. They as well set aside study on why virtually modes and tactics handlingd to mea sure intelligence fail. Individual tests as well make it wish wellly for the examiner to assess a personalized body of abilities in examinees as it is non restricted. Individual tests ordinate up a better personal manner of assessing children atomic number 18 emotionally disturbed (Roid, 2003).These tests make it practical for opinions to be made on examinees that ar in any physical or emotional condition such(prenominal) as tired, sick or anxious. meeting intelligence tests demand assessing a serial publication of many different problems in a mass of examinees. They argon comm lone(prenominal) use in schools and the military. They could be cleverness tests, bookworm judgement tests or tests of cognitive abilities. They be characterised by pen and paper, commonly atomic number 18 time limited, involve almost nix examiner to examinee interaction be pee-pee multiple choices making them well to score.They atomic number 18 commonly utilise in school and me lodic phrase placements, and in the pin down of certain(p) norms or phenomena in a population (Santrock, 2008). Group tests pay off the service of simplifying examiners role as they are quick and tardily to administer. It is alike accomplish qualified to administer them on concurrently to large numbers of examinees. Scoring in group tests is to a greater extent than than neutral as compared to individual tests. Group tests are much non-verbal (Santrock, 2008).Group tests deem selective information that is more genuine as they make it viable for large numbers to be body of work which allow for well-behaved littleon of the holy population, the resulting data and conclusion is at that placefore more reliable as it is more representative of the population than if the norms were be studied in an individual as is with individual tests. 7. The advantages and disadvantages of projective versus objective temper assessment method actings Projective nature assessmen t method is a test that involves use of open-ended questions to examine the person universe tested.Projective tests involve questions that are amorphous w thereof give the person cosmos examined more freedom to respond in the grant course as compared to objective tests. These tests normally require the examinee to respond to stimuli that is perplexing (Hilsenroth & Segal, 2004). It is based on the circumstance that raft respond to stimuli that are ambiguous in manners that bring to light their feelings, desires and urgencys. The advantage of this method is that makes it possible for the psychologist to study and examine unconscious mind founts of undefendables record.These tests are not transparent and so name no chance for subjects to lie or fake their personality traits. The weakness of projective tests is that the serene information is not as reliable and viable as is required. This is based on the fact that the psychologists that use the method stick issue that the subjects deal not lie close to their personality. Analysing data gather ined by this method back be time devour and tiring as it needs the psychologist to go through it by himself. young engineering such as figurer tally which is straightaway can not be use in this method (Hilsenroth & Segal, 2004). accusing personality assessment method involves the use of questions and items that are standardized, detail and clear in testing individuals under study. These tests are characterized by limited choice of the examinees responses. Most of the questions are designed such that they require yes or no, and legitimate or false responses. Objective testing has several(prenominal) advantages. Objective methods fast to carry out. This is attributed to the fact that the answers inevitable are directive and do not need the respondents to think or expand on the answers giving superfluous details that waste time (Hilsenroth & Segal, 2004).This enables the data to be collected an d analysed within a short time availing results within the required time. This method is to a fault more stinting as compared to the projective testing method. This be pass water the questions are slowly to prepare and the fact that all they need is yes or no responses implies that they do not require a lot of space. This saves on the cost of printing the questionnaire as less pages are required. The questions are too easy to answer making the detective to collect the needed data very fast hence does not spend a lot of time in the champaign which saves money that would pitch been used on upkeep and transport.Objective test methods too make it possible for technology to be used such as computer scoring which is faster, less tiring and more efficient as compared to projective tests that require the researcher to go through the responses by himself in order to come up with the results ( Hilsenroth & Segal, 2004). . handle any other method, objective assessment methods similarly have disadvantages. These methods usually involve questions that are transparent which makes the individuals under study to know what the psychologists want to study in them.This makes them lie or forge answers. In the event the individual carrying out the test does not include lie scales which provide information to the researcher on the likeliness of the subject lying then legal injury data is collected. This tests also characterized by appeal of biased data as it provides hazard for the subject to respond not the way things are but the way they esteem things were. (Hilsenroth & Segal, 2004). The structure of the questions does not allow the subjects to contribute more information on their yes or no, true or false answers.This could cause the psychologist to miss out o9n vital information. 3. near of the mis modelions concerning the differences amongst aptitude and hitment tests. consummation tests are the common tests that are usually given out in class way of lifes and educational assessments. They are used to test what an individual can do or what they know. They are usually administered after some act to test if individuals have grasped whatever was being taught. Examples are classroom quizzes, continuous assessment tests, driving tests, final examinations amongst others.Achievement tests in school are used to determine whether students understand what has been taught, which classes to place them, they are also used to rate schools and predict an individuals success in certain disciplines in future if they are doing well. adroitness tests usually are carried out to assess the psychogenic abilities of individuals. These tests based on the concept that inwrought mental abilities of individuals can be calculated. Aptitude tests are usually carried out to test students mental ability as they are believed to give a picture of how the student can perform academically.It is believed that those who pass the test intend academically for what cours e they are applying for. Examples of aptitude test include SATs. Aptitude tests have been referred to as quality measurement on ones mental ability. However, critics of the concept argue that innate abilities can not be measured hence the test just like any other test is used to measure what an individual has been able to achieve by the time the test is being carried out. The results of this test hence demonstrate the individuals exertion in the subjects that were being tested on. This is true in spite of what the subject the questions are testing on.As such, aptitude tests are very much the same as execution tests. The difference between the two tests however is in the self-confidence virtually individuals that take the two tests. With aptitude test, there is a misconception that there is equal probability to learn for everyone taking the test. It also is imitation that the interest of individuals taking aptitude test in learning is equal and also in demonstrating the learnt ability on the test. With attainment test it is assumed that the tests usually are based on instructions of a course or on some teach that is not necessarily gettable to all the individuals taking the test.The misconception concerning the difference between the two tests therefore lies in the assumption that there is equal opportunity for press release in aptitude tests while achievement tests can only be passed by those who have access to the course or training instructions. 6. Information is presumably pull together by the typical projective proficiency Projective techniques are methods of assessing personality traits of individuals that use questions that are unstructured and not specific.The questions used in this technique are not transparent implying that the individuals being studied can not rate what the researcher or a psychologist is tone from them (Lilienfeld, Wood & Garb, 2001). Usually projective technique is used to study response of subjects to questions or sit uations that are ambiguous. It is perceived that the fact that these situations are not known to the subjects will enable them to respond appropriately without having to lie or switch their personality. It is believed that individuals respond to ambiguous situations and questions in an obligation way.Their response to these situations that they do not understandably understand brings out their true personality as it there is no opportunity for lie or personality to be altered or changed. Psychologists who use the method to collect information on personality argue that human beings always respond to ambiguous stimuli in a way that brings out their personal needs, wants, wishes and desires (Lilienfeld, Wood & Garb, 2001). This technique is believed to make it possible for psychologists to assess the unconscious aspect of the individuals being studied character.As such, it provides no room for personality faking. Human beings are believed to have no control over the unconscious part of their psychology. The unconscious aspect of our psychology is believed to be what really defines us in terms of character. Psychologists argue that humans thought, actions hence character originate from their unconscious aspect of psychology. The fact that this technique enables the psychologist to study the subjects unconscious aspect of personality has therefore been used in accumulation personality information.This technique unlike the others makes it possible for individuals being studied to consciously give information that is biased and accurate. The notion that individuals are not restricted in responding to ambiguous has made this method to be used for collecting data on personality. 4. The reasons which govern that an transcription, whether industrial or governmental, to use effectual pickaxe procedures for hiring workers. There are several reasons as to why brass sections use valid extract procedures for hiring employees.These procedures are useful in the sever al passagees that involve hiring. In selection of employees to hire, the assessment tools that are used in valid selection procedures enable arrangements to get wind the best individuals for the job as they are able to identify the individuals character traits that are required of the specific job. An assessment tool that is well mightily developed will guide the enlisting team in selecting successful and satisfactory individuals for the particular occupation and position they are recruiting for. legitimate selection procedures also rid of cases of unfairness from arising making the whole process efficient and professional (Weiner & Graham, 2003). Valid selection procedures for hiring are important in job placement. They enable organizations management to assign employees to the right job responsibilities and levels. Assessment helps provide information that enables organizations to make the right decisions assigning of responsibilities which ontogenesis performance hence pro ductivity of the organization. Valid assessment procedures are important in training and development of employees.The assessment enables an organization to determine which employee needs what training. The organization is able to know if its employees have mastered training procedures and materials that are vital for operation and tally of the organization (Weiner & Graham, 2003). Assessments carried out enable the organization to design or make changes in training programmes so that the most needed ones are given priority. Assessment procedures also enable individual employees to identify their weaknesses hence can embark on self-development.This has lordly results as it enables it to have employees that are technical and well trained hence change magnitude productivity. Assessment procedures also play a great role in advance or demotion of employees. The procedures enable the organizations management to identify employees that have been up(p) in their performance and skills. Those who possess managerial characteristics or even higher capabilities are identified hence promoted to greater positions that have more responsibilities (Weiner & Graham, 2003).On the other hand, those who take care to making no progress or have decreasing performance are demoted as ant serious organization would not want to have employee specially those holding positions of great responsibility that are not performing. Valid assessment procedures provide a professional and fair way of carrying out promotions and demotions ensuring that the right employees are designate to the right positions and responsibilities. Assessment procedures are also significant in career centering and exploitation. These assessments help individuals make not only educational but career choices as well.The assessments make individuals identify the subjects they are good in hence accordingly conduct careers that they will be successful in without have to strain their mental capability. The assessm ents procedures also enable organizations to carry out military rating of programs. The organization is able to identify programs that bring in employees and those that do not so that it can stop wasting resources on digressive programs. Word Count 2280. References Hilsenroth, M & Segal, D. (2004). complete Handbook of Psychological Assessment character assessment / editors. rude(a) York, NY John Wiley and Sons. Lilienfeld, S. O. , Wood, J. N. , & Garb, H. N. (2001). The scientific status of projective techniques. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 1, 27-66. Roid, G. H. (2003). Stanford Binet Intelligence Scales 5th variate Examiners Manual. Riverside Publishing, Itaska, Illinois. Santrock, J. (2008). A Topical Approach to Life-Span Development (4th Ed. )Concept of Intelligence. New York McGraw-Hill. Weiner, I. & Graham, J. (2003). Handbook of Psychology Assessment psychology. New York, NY John Wiley and Sons.