Human Growth and Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human Growth and Development - Essay Example I will ask her the reason why she is taking drugs. I will then explain that taking drugs have adverse effects on her that she may not know now but will later on have bad effects on her well-being. If she tells me that it is because of peer pressure that she used drugs, I will suggest to her that I think it is best that she stays away from those group of friends because they are not a good influence on her. I will also assure my daughter that I am always here ready to listen to her and that I want to help her to stop using drugs. Assuming that my daughter denies the use of drugs when I confront her, I can also ask the help of a qualified counselor who can help both my daughter and me deal with the problem. These people are professionally trained to handle situations like this. They will be able to assist me to dig deeper into the problem of my daughter and determine the real reason behind the use of drugs. They could recommend specific course of treatment for my daughter, depending on the severity of the use of drugs. As a parent, I will need a lot of professional advice from these counselors on how to relate with my daughter so that she will be more open to me and not resort to her friends Lastly, I should try to give more attention to my daughter and try to know her friends too.

Generational Poverty Essay Example for Free

Generational Poverty Essay Special populations refers to â€Å"disadvantaged groups† in our society. It examines the effects society has on person or persons. This can consist of generation poverty, the aged or elderly, and women. These populations face complex challenges in their daily lives. Economic instability, lack of resources, lack of education and lack of unity from society keeps special population groups in hardships. Generational poverty involves special population of poor people. It is cycle of poverty wherein two to three generations were born and lived in poverty. Complex factors are involved that hinders them from striving to attain advantages that other groups may enjoy. People in generation poverty focus on survival and live in the now. They do not plan because they live in the present time and do not plan for the future. They live on day to day survival and live in the moment. Any situation that they are exposed to is met with a reactive mentality. This leads to lack of organization and planning their life and their family’s life for proactive living. Further, their money is for entertainment and to entertain others. They sometimes create and accomplish short term outcomes for immediate gratification. People become their possession, on the other hand, in middle and upper class, they focus on material security. The middle class plans for the future and the wealth plans for the future and involved themselves into politics. Due to lack of a good solid education, many people of generational poverty are unable to communicate effectively therefore they become anger. Parents of poverty do not want their children to receive an education, because they might leave home if they are educated. In addition they have a lack of value in education. Poverty learns from poverty whereas they all adopt the poverty norm. Most parents only have an elementary education and cannot read or do math. They raise their kids not empathizing the importance of an education. Many students do not assign value to school work or to their education. School tardiness and absences are excessive due to transportation issues or parents lack of involvement. Parents who did poorly in school do not put a great emphasis on their children to succeed in school. Students have access to poor quality school resources. They are less likely to find out about the world, obtain job skills, and relying heavily on peers and parents for social and emotional support. Investing in good schools, teachers, lunches, exposure to a structure lifestyle, and relationships could help poor students break the cycle of poverty. As for the lack of an education, families of generation poverty rely heavily on body language to communicate with others and the men constantly display a defensive stance when in public. They do not use specific jargon as like educated people who uses specific words and extensive vocabulary to display their intelligence. Emotions are usually openly displayed. Conflict resolution for the poor is usually physical fighting than verbal fighting or going to court. Likewise, parental poverty effects the motivation of the children. Tools are very limited or do not exist in the socio-environment, so the concept of repair and fix it does not carry any priority in the day to day life activities. Also, food becomes a necessity and valued for its quantity rather than is quality. Many people living in poverty consume a lot of cheap junk food which contributes to childhood obesity. The middle and uppers class eats for quality and presentation. Furthermore, there are a lack of low skill jobs for the poor. They work in manual labor jobs with low wages that do not require specific skills. Due to industrialization, mining and the auto line industry are closing down. Economy shifted from manufacturing to a service economy, those who could not shift to the shift were left behind. Due to lack of education they are unable to perform in the mainstream job market to conduct business transactions, count, and resolve complex problems. Also, culture and genes interact with one another to influence people’s learning and the ability to make a living. Many children are third or fourth generation of poverty. Many just settle for the status quo instead of not taking the education opportuni ty. Some become teenage mothers, drop out of school, and/or drink or take street drugs. On the other hand, many rely on welfare to live and take pride on needed assistance. Some want get a job or do not think they need a job. Also they feel that society owes them a living. Many do not have the access to resources to locate or search jobs as the middle class and the upper class. - Must be given the opportunity and resources to break the cycle of poverty. One must be motivated, hopeful, and willing to learn for a better future. A good solid education provides the poor the steps necessary for to open doors they would never been able to open before for a successful life. Another special population group is the aged or elderly. The aged or elderly population faces an array of challenges when there is lack of access to employment. The aged are faced with ageism. Many employers are looking to hire younger employees to replace the aged or elder employees with cheaper salary. Younger employees are usually hired for their fresh perspective and eagerness to learn. Many aged workers are solicited by their employers for early retirement with sometimes a substantial payout. Many are retiring before the normal Social Security age of 65-67 years old. Once the aged is retired or laid off it is difficult to find work elsewhere due to active age discrimination. Many employers view the old employers especially the baby boomers as too rigid, failing health, lack of enthusiasm, afraid of new technologies, do not want to learn new training (stuck in old ways), and expensive to keep. Many aged people are viewing job advertisements with pictures of younger employees. In addition, the aged are facing high cost of medical insurance and healthcare. With the obstacles in the job market, the aged could possibly experience social isolationism, low self-esteem, and financial hardship. - On the same token, women face unique challenges that throughout their different life stages that places them into the Special Population group when compared to men. Women still face challenges today in areas of social, economic, sports, political and cultural despite the fact that there has been success in empowering women and shattering the glass ceiling for employment promotions. They live 7 years longer than men, make up majority of the world’s population but yet they are greatly ignored. Some women are subjected to part time jobs and lower wage position than their male counterparts. Likewise, women face ageism and sexism in the media on the average profile of a woman. - Singled and divorced women are most likely to have low paying jobs than men. This causes a financial strain on the women to pay for households bills and to pay for childcare. Women still earn less than their male counterparts. A man would be hired most likely to be promoted and/or receive a managerial or executive position than a woman. - In regards to young girls they face ageism whereas people may think they are untrustworthy, shifty and unreliable. Girls who want to play sports especially on a boys team may be assessed by the players and coach as incapable of keeping up too weak to play the sport. In school, boys are judged as good in math and girls are not. - If a woman is in her child rearing age, she could face pregnancy discrimination. With 12 weeks paid leave, the woman could face repercussions from co-workers or administration. Some women feel that having a baby would be putting their career on hold. Most women have to take on the role of raising and caring for the children. Most single parent household are run by women. - Also, women in their 20-30s are subjected to domestic violence. Domestic abuse is on a decline, however, women are still at a high risk for abuse. Women in this age group are usually majority of the time victims or assault and battery and rape. - Women married for 30 plus years are unable to provide for themselves if they spouse leaves them. For years that have adopted their husband’s identity as their own. Therefore, these women have difficulty with self-independence. If a women because ill, it is more likely that her spouse will abandon her. Women mostly likely will stay and provide health care and nurturing to their ailing spouse. In addition women over 50 will most likely care for their ailing parent and handle the parent’s finances. Older women are seen as unhealthy and sexless. After age 50, women are seen as invisible. They start to believe that their voice or concern is no longer valuable. However, they are viewed as ineffective and dependent on others during their later years. Women have more chronic illnesses than men; men usually acute illnesses. Medical coverage usually covers health care treatment for acute illnesses that men usually acquire. Therefore if a women requires long term care in a nursing home, medical coverage may run out or does not cover the stay. All in all, Special Populations could be apply to any person; everyone has unique needs and advantages/disadvantages from another person or group. We all have challenges; some people are apparent, whereas others are not. Their challenges affect their life adversely. My perspective is that I am going to be cognizant of everyone’s physical challenges and establish cultural competence. My goal will get them to live a more vigorous, productive, and striving lifestyle. I have to effectively assess the needs of my clients and how they are underserved in their community to utilize the tools necessary to address their needs. I want to relate to my clients that having and education and a productive lifestyle is attainable. Everyone is accorded the same rights and opportunities regardless of your challenges. Some people may requires special services to help them attain those rights.

Comparing Grovers Growing Up White In America and McBrides Work, What Color Is Jesus? :: Compare Contrast Essays

Comparing Grover's Growing Up White In America and McBride's Work, What Color Is Jesus? Racial issues have been predominant for the last fifty years. The two authors Bonnie Kay Grover and James McBride share their racial views in their respective works â€Å"Growing Up White In America† and â€Å"What Color Is Jesus?† Each author has a different view on exactly what race is and how it is used. Bonnie Kae Grover is a white female who believes that race has been used as a weapon. Specifically, she focuses on how white people use their color of skin to be controlling of other people. Her gripe is on the notion of â€Å"white culture.† She questions the validity of the statement and believes it is simply just American culture and those who think of it as white culture â€Å"just moved in like they’ve discovered it† (Grover 377). She examines some similarities in today’s â€Å"white culture† and the historical attitude of the exploring Europeans. The Europeans, when inhabiting North America, â€Å"just moved in and said they had God on their side and the Indians weren’t much anyway but a few of them could work for them sometimes if they behaved themselves, and the rest were lined up for disposal† (377). The Europeans believed themselves superior to the Indians; any and all action – fair and unfair alike – taken against the Indians was justifiable because it helped the Europeans. Grover argues that this irresponsible approach is the basis of the white culture. White culture is simply American culture taken and modified as seen fit by white people. James McBride focuses his essay on his parents. His mother was white and his father black. He felt confusion; which color was he? McBride remembers when he was ten, he approached his mother with the question while she was working on the kitchen table. Her thoughtful response was only one word: â€Å"[p]liers† (391). He was not the only one in the family to have this question. His older brother took it an extra step and during Sunday school asked the reverend about the skin color of Jesus.

Belonging is a basic human need and we all need to belong in some way Essay

Belonging is the term used when the individual becomes involved in something; it is a feeling of security where members feel included, accepted, related, fit in, conformed and subscribed, which enhance their well-being with the feeling of home. Various groups such as family, friends and community aspire people to belong as these are seen as the very important groups for people to want to fit in to. People want to be able to feel and be included amongst their friends and be accepted by their group of friends for who they are. They want to be able to feel part of a wider community but most importantly, they want to feel like they belong in a family of people who love them for who they are and accept them. Thus, belonging is a rudimentary human necessity as each person is dependent on others to feel included and accepted in some way. People need to belong because it is a feeling to be needed, to be part of something, to have someone give affection and show that they care; we all need th at. To have the feeling that we †belong† gives us the feeling we aren’t useless and we can make a small difference and we are still good for something and people want us around. We feel that it is important for our self-esteem if we don’t get the feeling we belong from anywhere, therefore the human being is always in need to †belong† and be a part of society and be accepted. Our need to belong is what drives us to look for stable, long lasting relationships with other people. It also motivates us to participate in social activities such as clubs, sports teams, religious groups, and community organizations. By belonging to a group, we feel as if we are a part of something bigger and more important than ourselves. In Carson McCuller’s novella â€Å"The Member of the Wedding†, the protagonist Frankie looks for inclusion when she seeks to belong to the wedding. By discussing her involvement in the wedding in her travels around the town, she tries to build confidence in her self-esteem, knowing that she will now officially be included in a group or an event, which is the wedding; so she thinks. Frankie is now more confident as she feels a sense of belonging. Relevant to Frankie’s need to belong, Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs shows that belongingness is part of one of his major needs that motivates human behavior. Membership o f a group offers people closure and inclusion into a crowd, therefore belonging is essential.

Equality, diversity and inclusion in work Essay

Importance of supporting the rights of children and young people to participation and equality of access Every pupil has a right to a curriculum that is broad, balanced and supported by high quality teaching. It is important to raise individual and group achievements, participation and the development of a good sense of identity. Schools have a duty that all pupils have access to curriculum regardless of race, backgrounds, culture, gender or additional needs. Importance and benefits of valuing and promoting cultural diversity in work with children and young people see more:explain how to promote anti-discriminatory practice in work with children and young people It is important to understand the diversity of culture as it helps pupils make more sense of learning by making connections through their own lives. Essentially it is important for the teaching staff to build a relationship and provide necessary support of each individual pupil. By demonstrating that we value culture and support pupils to learn and understand cultures different to their own prevent stereotyping and reduce prejudice and discrimination. Ways in which children and young people can experience prejudice and discrimination Children often experience prejudice and discrimination by staff known as institutional discrimination where policies allow this or individually by other pupils or groups, often through lack of knowledge or assumptions being made about a certain group they belong to. There are two ways in which this can occur either directly (children not allowed access to learning through gender, race, disability etc) or indirectly (excluded due to circumstance e.g. cooking certain foods as they are not allowed to be touched or eaten for religious reasons) Impact of prejudice and discrimination on children and young people The impact of prejudice and discrimination has a tremendous and often negative effect on children. Discrimination can have an affect on them both academically and their health and well being. Children often have feelings of anger or a loss in self esteem and motivation. Children can very often feel disempowered confused or even suffer with depression. Assess how own attitudes, values and behaviour could impact on work with children and young people By assessing your own attitudes taking the time to develop our own understanding of cultures, special needs etc and by learning not to make assumptions of pupils staff can provide effective, appropriate and personal support to any individual child or young person. Importance of promoting anti-discrimination practice in work with children and young people It is not sufficient just to have policies for anti-discrimination. Staff must demonstrate and monitor positive practice. By following and promoting these policies help a child to learn and assess themselves so they to can promote anti discrimination both within the classroom and in society and feel confident to challenge discrimination. Ways staff can promote anti-discrimination: Be a role model Appreciate and promote diversity of children and young people Listen and involve children in activities and hear their concerns Recognise children as centre of learning and treat as individuals Have realistic but high expectations of each child Support positive ethos of school Encourage and build child’s confidence to challenge prejudice or unwanted behaviour Recognise when discrimination is happening Challenging discrimination Challenging discrimination can sometimes be a challenge in itself especially if it is institutional, therefore it must be dealt with accordingly. You must have good knowledge of policies and procedures in the situation you are dealing with Is it intentional? (Direct) unintentional? (Indirect) or just a lack of knowledge? Explain what has happened or said that is discriminatory Tell the person how the other may feel or the effects it may have Suggest improvements to practice  Monitor and report to local education authority What is inclusion and inclusive practice? Inclusion and inclusive practice is the process of identifying, understanding and breaking down barriers so regardless of a child’s situation they can access and participate in all parts of the curriculum. It is about providing all children the same opportunities by adapting the environment, equipment and curriculum if and where necessary. Features of an inclusive setting for children and young adults For a school to be and inclusive setting it must use a whole school approach. An inclusive school will have the following settings Recognise possible  barriers and understand group or an individuals difficulties in accessing the curriculum Removal of barriers and adapt environment, personalised support, resources or equipment provided Educate along side peers by providing additional support in the classroom instead of segregation Listen and value child’s opinions and views Clear policies and procedures that are reviewed regularly Staff regularly trained in inclusion, diversity and equality methods School works in partnership with staff, governors, parents and their children School works with other services local health boards, speech and language therapists etc How inclusion works in own sector of the children’s workforce Whichever organisation a person is involved with in the children’s workforce the child should be centre of all practice. The early years foundation stage (EYFS) and the national curriculum both give clear guidance on inclusive approaches to learning and assessment. By following these guidelines and adopting systems of personalised learning all children have the same opportunity to high quality teaching, learning experience and access to the curriculum, the chance to progress in curriculum and narrow the gaps of educational achievement. In conjunction to these, schools have a duty and role for promoting well being through inclusive curriculum known as the 2004 every child matters outcomes. Schools may need to work with other services so children can reach full potential and schools must demonstrate they work towards the five outcomes. Be healthy

America Fortress Of Freedom Essays - Four Freedoms, Free Essays

America Fortress Of Freedom Essays - Four Freedoms, Free Essays America Fortress of Freedom " Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal." -Abraham Lincoln, Gettysburg Address, 1863 Created equal and free, unlike in many other countries were you are born either royalty or a peasant. Yes, they did have slaves when the Declaration of Independence was written and signed. It was normal every day life to have slaves; they didn't see anything wrong with it. Now, laws have changed, freedom does finally apply to the minorities of America. Congress shall not make any laws against the freedom of speech, press, petition, assembly, and religion. The main reason why the pilgrims came to America is because of the force to practice a religion not of their choice. America opens the doors of freedom to immigrants. America is the place where they can get a job, make money, and support themselves and their family. It is the land where you have the right to fair trials. America has a wide variety of goals; such as maintaining freedom in this country, so each person can choose their own goals and achieve them without assertiveness being placed upon them. They achieve these by letting citizens choose their own career, personality, and life-style. On January 6, 1941, on his annual message to the Congress, President Franklin D. Roosevelt predicted a postwar world in which four freedoms would be guaranteed. Those four freedoms were the freedom of speech and expression, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. I believe in a society based on principles like these would not be able to commit brutality. America is the ideal place to live if you are a minority. You get the same benefits as ever one else. You can not be turned away from a job when you are against someone with less experience. Criticism is still alive today, but since you are free to make accusations of being wrongfully treated, it can be stopped. Americans can make their own decisions; we don't have to be owned by anyone else. We are free, not from every day pressures or to do whatever we want, but we are free to make our lives how we want them.

Child Labour in the 19th century †History Essay

Child Labour in the 19th century – History Essay Free Online Research Papers Child Labour in the 19th century History Essay In the 19th century, children had to go to work very young. Some collieries even employed five years old children. For instance, collieries in Bradford and Leeds employed one five year old child, and 8 six years old children. In many cases, fathers and children worked together in the same factory. Children’s work was often less hard than adult’s one, but it was really hard for them and many children complained about being tired, like the little Henry Walker, a 13 years old boy working in a pit, or James Eggley’s daughters. The fingers of children are rather supple and thin, so they were used to perform precision tasks. Therefore, girls were often employed in collieries, and boys in pits. They worked about 10 hours a day, sometimes even 13, like Henry. But some were luckier, as the children employed in Mr Parkin’s Pit, Robert Town, who work 8 hours a day according to John Clough, the banksman. Children were sometimes obliged to work naked, and were often beaten. Security wasn’t very good, and they were often injured. Henry, for instance, had been seriously injured at head. They had hardly the time to eat, but most of them had at least a meal at work and one at home. Henry had 3 meals a day, and John Cough confirms that children were allowed to have a small break for dinner. Some of them went to Sunday school, but some didn’t go to school at all. Only a few children could read and write. Henry could do it only a little. In 1833, factory laws protecting children were voted. It obliged children to go to school, and the workplace to be clean. Later, the Ten Hours Act limited the work of thirteen to eighteen years olds to 10 hours a day. In 1876, a minimum age requirement was passed into law. Research Papers on Child Labour in the 19th century - History EssayEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHip-Hop is Art19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Spring and AutumnComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceStandardized Testing

Units of Analysis as Related to Sociology

Units of Analysis as Related to Sociology Units of analysis are the objects of study within a research project. In sociology, the most common units of analysis are individuals, groups, social interactions, organizations and institutions, and social and cultural artifacts. In many cases, a research project can require multiple units of analysis. Overview Identifying your units of analysis is an important part of the research process. Once you have identified a research question, you will have to select your units of analysis as part of the process of deciding on a research method and how you will operationalize that method. Lets review the most common units of analysis and why a researcher might choose to study them. Individuals Individuals are the most common units of analysis within sociological research. This is the case because the core problem of sociology is understanding the relationships between individuals and society, so we routinely turn to studies composed of individual people in order to refine our understanding of the ties that bind individuals together into a society. Taken together, information about individuals and their personal experiences can reveal patterns and trends that are common to a society or particular groups within it, and can provide insight into social problems and their solutions. For example, researchers at the University of California-San Francisco found through interviews with individual women who have had abortions that the vast majority of women do not ever regret the choice to terminate the pregnancy. Their findings prove that a common right-wing argument against access to abortionthat women will suffer undue emotional distress and regret if they have an abortionis base d on myth rather than fact. Groups Sociologists are keenly interested in social ties and relationships, which means that they often study groups of people, be they large or small. Groups can be anything from romantic couples to families, to people who fall into particular racial or gender categories, to friend groups, to whole generations of people (think Millennials and all the attention they get from social scientists). By studying groups sociologists can reveal how social structure and forces affect whole categories of people on the basis of race, class, or gender, for example. Sociologists have done this in pursuit of understanding a wide range of social phenomena and problems, like for example this study that proved that living in a racist place leads to Black people having worse health outcomes than white people; or this study that examined the gender gap across different nations to find out which are better or worse at advancing and protecting the rights of women and girls. Organizations Organizations differ from groups in that they are considered more formal and, well, organized ways of collecting people together around specific goals and norms. Organizations take many forms, including corporations, religious congregations and whole systems like the Catholic Church, judicial systems, police departments, and social movements, for example. Social scientists who study organizations might be interested in, for example, how corporations like Apple, Amazon, and Walmart impact various aspects of social and economic life, like how we shop and what we shop for, and what work conditions have become normal and/or problematic within the U.S. labor market. Sociologists who study organizations might also be interested in comparing different examples of similar organizations to reveal the nuanced ways in which they operate, and the values and norms that shape those operations. Cultural Artifacts Sociologists know that we can learn a lot about our society and ourselves by studying the things that we create, which is why many of us cultural artifacts. Cultural artifacts are all the things that are created by humans, including the built environment, furniture, technological devices, clothing, art and music, advertising and languagethe list is truly endless. Sociologists who study cultural artifacts might be interested in understanding what a new trend in clothing, art, or music reveals about the contemporary values and norms of the society that produces it and those who consume it, or they might be interested in understanding how advertising might impact norms and behavior, especially in terms of gender and sexuality, which has long been fertile ground for social science research. Social Interactions Social interactions also take a wide variety of forms and can include anything from making eye contact with strangers in public, purchasing items in a store, conversations, engaging in activities together, to formalized interactions like weddings and divorces, hearings, or court cases. Sociologists who study social interactions might be interested in understanding how larger social structures and forces shape how we behave and interact on a daily basis, or how they shape traditions like Black Friday shopping or weddings. They might also be interested in understanding how social order is maintained. Research has shown that this is done in part by intentionally ignoring each other in crowded public spaces.

Bottling Company Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Bottling Company - Case Study Example The above parameters are calculated using Excel built in functions. The mean and median are very close to each other; it shows that the data do not have skews. Standard deviation of sampling data are small, which states that values are close to the mean. In statistics, the population mean is measured through the sample mean. Statistics uses a concept called confidence interval in order to calculate a population mean. This assignment uses a 95% confidence interval to evaluate a range of the population mean. The confidence interval, in this case, is measured using method of unknown mean and unknown standard deviation of the population. The range is achieved using the central tendency values and the critical value of t, and SE. The critical value is calculated using Excel formula T.INV.2T(0.05,29); where 0.05 is the significance level of 95% confidence interval, 29 is the degree of freedom, df = n-1. The t critical = 2.045. The term SE is called standard error; it is calculated using formula STDV / sqrt (n). In this case, SE = 0.1. The upper limit of the interval = X mean + t*SE = 14.87+2.045*0.1=15.08. The lower limit of the interval is X mean +t.*SE = 14.87-2.045*0.1 = 14.66. Thus, the 95% confidence interval is (14.66, 15.08). In this case, customer’s complaint is that the soda in the bottle is less than 16 ounces; however, the company claims that the soda in the bottle is 16 ounces. These two statements give the basis for the hypothesis test (â€Å"What is hypothesis testing†, n.d.). The alternate hypothesis is the population mean is less than 16 ounces; null is the population mean is equal or greater than 16 ounces. The significance level of the test is 5%. Based on the alternative statement, it is advised to conduct a left tail test of mean; for this purpose test statistics is defined as t = (x mean - ÃŽ ¼) / SE = (14.87-16.0) / 0.1 = - 11.25. Based on degree of freedom, df = 29 and significance level

The Process of Parenting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Process of Parenting - Essay Example In fact, the punishment may be not related to mistakes done by the child. For instance, an example of punishment and discipline can be applied to distinguish both of them when a child does wrong things. In this case, of a four-year old child throws his or her crayons on the floor, punishment can be inflicted by telling them that they are undisciplined and slapping their fingers. On the other hand, discipline was be imposed by making them pick their crayons; in fact, there is a need to issue them an explanation that by throwing the crayons on the floor, they can get broken. In addition, the crayons should also be put out of their reach for a period. Erikson asserted that during this stage, children develop a sense of fundamental trust and their aptitude to influence events surrounding them. However, their development is based on the regularity, predictability and consistency, which leads to development of a sense of trust. On the other hand, a child also carries a fundamental sense of mistrust if they are subjected to a harsh and inconsistent, unreliable conditions (Doug & Clifton, 1995). Erikson claims that this is a stage involving development of a particular amount of independence or autonomy. Moreover, during their stage the children require support offered to avoid encountering of only failures and mockery. On the other hand, if children are criticized, over controlled or denied a chance to assert themselves, they develop a feeling of inadequacy, thereby becoming dependent upon others. In this case, they develop a low self-esteem, which is considered a sense of shame (Doug & Clifton, 1995). Erikson contends that children undergo frequent assertion, whereby they commence planning their activities and initiating these activities. Therefore, in this stage they get a chance to develop a sense of initiative and security through their ability to make decisions. On the other hand, if they are criticized and controlled, they develop a sense of guilt and

Globalization of South Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Globalization of South Africa - Essay Example In early days of 17th century, South Africa was sparsely populated. Major trade and commerce developed only after the first European settlement that took place in southern part of Africa in 1652. The objective was then to establish a supply base at the site currently known as Cape Town. South African history made major upheavals in the year 1867 when mines of diamonds were discovered near and around Kimberley and Cape Town. Economic activities got further intensified when worlds largest deposit of gold was discovered in the year 1886. South Africas first integration to global economy was seen through its exports of diamonds and gold. At the same time, the country imported variety of agricultural products. Mining industry continued to expand with increasing gold and diamond exports from the shore of South Africa. The wealth so generated was used to import consumer goods from Europe. This can be seen as South Africas first integration to global economy that continued until at least Wor ld War I (South Africa, 1996)) After 1920, the government started imposing tariffs to safeguard local manufacturers. By 1930s, most of the manufacturing activities came under the fold of state-owned enterprises keeping blacks outside the main economy. World War II saw new growth in manufacturing activities with the government increasing its control on industries. With the onset of great depression in 1930s, South Africa also suffered heavily due to economic down cycle. The government had already started its efforts in 1920s to consolidate state-owned enterprises with the objective to provide impetus to import-substitution industries. The Electricity Supply Commission (Eskom) and the South African Iron and Steel Corporation (Iscor) were founded in 1920s to spearhead domestic industries. The Industrial Development Corporation (IDC) came into operation in 1940. The IDC became instrumental to promote other

Assess which foreign policy crisis issue, North Korea or Iran, is the Essay

Assess which foreign policy crisis issue, North Korea or Iran, is the paramount one for the United States today - Essay Example We have removed the Taliban regime from Afghanistan, which Iran viewed as a mortal threat and We have removed Saddam Hussein in Iraq, which Iran viewed as a mortal threat† (Showdown with Iran). According to reports the Iran has on many occasion tried to reach out to U.S to find a solution to the exiting problems of military power, terrorism and U.S interference in Middle East. The prominent one was the fax received in Washington after the U.S victory over Iraq in 2003, the fax described various way to make a peace treaty between U.S and Iran, but the fax was neglected and no initiative was taken from the U.S government. The recent developments in Iran with regard to its work in the area of nuclear weapons, firstly the Iran’s new arrangements near to the city of qom in Iran to accomplish its need for higher amounts of uranium has the raised concerns around the globe. Secondly Iran’s plan to build nuclear weapon supported with missile has put the Obama administration in great dilemma. The Iran has not responded well to the steps taken by USA to hold talks regarding these matters. USA has then come forward and said that irresponsible actions of Iran in relation to nuclear weapon development is leading International community to charge a hike in costs to the Iran. â€Å"The Obama administration is now involved in a diplomatic campaign to further isolate Iran and apply pressure to encourage a change in the Iranian government’s behavior. The united states is urging a board of international approach on economic sanctions said the secretary of the state† (Kaufman). As per report s of International Atomic Energy agency (IAEA) in march 2010 Iranian government has denied to provide any information in regard to its work on nuclear development and at the same time has not obeyed the U.N security council’s statement on Iran to stop work on Uranium and heavy water related projects that will enhance the production of

Modern Korean History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modern Korean History - Essay Example This made them to evolve into sharply contrasting societies; with South Korea becoming one of the countable postcolonial developing countries to enter into the world's first rank. This so happened even in the event that the start was seemingly unpromising. On the other hand, North Korea became among the world's most known isolated and totalitarian societies. It could only be described as a nuclear power with a population which was not only impoverished, but also famine-stricken.2 Notwithstanding the above division, the Koreans had for a lengthy period of time lived in social classes. These classes included the king together with the ruling class, the peasants and the landlords. The reasons as to why this society is being painted as inward looking can be better understood form the peasant war. In 1984, the peasant war occurred and this uproar was geared towards doing away with the anti-imperialistic and anti-feudal phenomenon and in their place birth a modern state. This war has so re sulted from two principal issues: the invasion of imperialism and the failure of the feudal system.3 Notably, the Korean medieval society was uniquely characterized by an integration of a centralized power system and an economic system which was based on the concept of the landlord. This special feature furthers that explanation of the Korean society as an inward-looking society. Ordinarily, the central figure in their centralized power system, known as the king, had bureaucratized the aristocracy and the yangban via the examination of the civil service and their subsequent inclusion in the compacted system. Both the nobility and the yangban received economic gain in terms of slaves and land. This benefited them in that, their profits were certain. Nevertheless, this representative economic gain was a threat to the prevalent system of power. Moreover, the king together with his nobility and the yangban has assumed control over the owner- and tenant farmers- who were referred to as t he ruled class. But the reality of the matter is that this relationship was solely was clearly manifested in rent and taxes, that is, a tax relationship existed between the peasants and the state, while on the other hand, a rent relationship existed between the landlords and the tenants. It is crystal clear that the significance of these two kinds of relationships was secondary.4 This, therefore, meant that the only thing that could be done on the feudal problem was its revelation in the landlord-tenant rapport. Similarly, feudal conflicts were present in the state-peasant relationship since the king, the nobility and the yangban were the members of the landlord class while owner and tenant farmers formed the class of the peasants. Tax was the basis on which the state-peasant rapport was rooted. Moreover, the power of the landlord was boosted following the institution of the land tax. This move led to the concealment of the state-peasant in the landlord-tenant rapport thus making th e latter conflict more and more prominent.5 The peasant wars held had destroyed numerous tax records in government offices. Moreover, a number of rich peasants were attacked. During the uprisings, the peasants came to the full knowledge that the conflicts were as a result of land inequality. This made them attack the local gentry and large landlords making land issue to be their

Assess which foreign policy crisis issue, North Korea or Iran, is the Essay

Assess which foreign policy crisis issue, North Korea or Iran, is the paramount one for the United States today - Essay Example We have removed the Taliban regime from Afghanistan, which Iran viewed as a mortal threat and We have removed Saddam Hussein in Iraq, which Iran viewed as a mortal threat† (Showdown with Iran). According to reports the Iran has on many occasion tried to reach out to U.S to find a solution to the exiting problems of military power, terrorism and U.S interference in Middle East. The prominent one was the fax received in Washington after the U.S victory over Iraq in 2003, the fax described various way to make a peace treaty between U.S and Iran, but the fax was neglected and no initiative was taken from the U.S government. The recent developments in Iran with regard to its work in the area of nuclear weapons, firstly the Iran’s new arrangements near to the city of qom in Iran to accomplish its need for higher amounts of uranium has the raised concerns around the globe. Secondly Iran’s plan to build nuclear weapon supported with missile has put the Obama administration in great dilemma. The Iran has not responded well to the steps taken by USA to hold talks regarding these matters. USA has then come forward and said that irresponsible actions of Iran in relation to nuclear weapon development is leading International community to charge a hike in costs to the Iran. â€Å"The Obama administration is now involved in a diplomatic campaign to further isolate Iran and apply pressure to encourage a change in the Iranian government’s behavior. The united states is urging a board of international approach on economic sanctions said the secretary of the state† (Kaufman). As per report s of International Atomic Energy agency (IAEA) in march 2010 Iranian government has denied to provide any information in regard to its work on nuclear development and at the same time has not obeyed the U.N security council’s statement on Iran to stop work on Uranium and heavy water related projects that will enhance the production of

Emerging global governance Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Emerging global governance - Research Paper Example A child who is defined as person of age below 18 years is entitled to healthcare, free education, adequate nutrition, freedom from violence, abuse, exploitation and leisure and recreation (Verhellen, 66). The CRC originated from the Geneva declaration o 1924 which according to Verhellen (64) is the first international human rights instrument dealing with children rights. Before then, various organizations like ILO have made efforts to improve the well-being of children by setting minimum employment age for children to avoid abuse and exploitation. The Geneva declaration was made after the First World War to deal with the plight of children and remove them from deplorable situations. The declaration had a preamble and five aims referred as â€Å"Declaration of the rights of the child.† Under this declaration, a child was entitled to receive relief first in times of distress, protection from any form of exploitation, to be fed and sheltered and to develop normally materially and spiritually. This is the obligation of parents or adults. More declarations concerned with children issues continued to emerge. The declaration was reconfirmed by the League of Nations General Assembly ( UNICEF, 2011). Another Declaration which forms the basis for CRC is the declaration on the rights of the child in 1959. Whereas Geneva declaration focused on social and economic needs, the 1959 declaration focused on families, right to name and nationality and need for love among other issues. It had a preamble and based on 10 principles hence it was more complex than Geneva declaration. It touched on issues such as non-discrimination, name and nationality, education, opportunity for development and enjoyment of social security benefits among others (Verhellen, 66). The 1989 convention was a culmination of various human rights instruments developed over the years and its work began during the 20th

The Air Can Be Cleaner Than It Is Now Essay Example for Free

The Air Can Be Cleaner Than It Is Now Essay There are people who believe that â€Å"fresh air† is an unlimited source. I personally used to think like that when I was a young. As I grew older, I learned that a simple thing, such as fresh air is infinitely available, is not true. The fact is, the troposphere, which is like a wall that covers the earth, is the only air that is available to us. No fresh air comes in, and no polluted air escapes (Harris, par. 3). Ironically, a giant thing like spaceship could go out trough the troposphere, the lowest level of the atmosphere, but a simple thing like air can not. This way, we are like in a sealed room, so we must use the air over and over again for infinity. Polluted air is dangerous and it has been a dilemma throughout this modern era. Air pollution can have serious problem for our health and also on natural ecosystems. It is able to go around the earth easily because the fact it is located in the stratosphere (â€Å"Air Pollution,† par. 2). The sources of air pollution are both natural and human-based. Volcanic eruptions, wind erosions, pollen dispersal and forests fires are among the natural-based air pollution. But, the most pollution is the result of human activity. There are many things that we do can contaminate the air. According to Think Quest Online, â€Å"The biggest cause of pollution in U. S. are the operation of fossil fuel-burning power plants and automobiles that combust fuel. Combined, these two sources are responsible for about 90% of all air pollution in the United States â€Å"(â€Å"Causes,† par. 6). The other 10% are including the natural-based of air pollution and some other human activities that can cause air pollution, such as, the smoke from cigarettes, fireplaces, heating systems, incinerators, airplanes, industries and many more. Based on the facts above, human activities alone are responsible for more than 90% of air pollution in the United States. The issue here is obviously not about the air pollution that comes naturally, it’s about our activities that can cause air pollution. Polluted air can affect the health of human beings in many ways. Every year, the health of many people is endangered by it. There is a research about the people who have been killed by air pollution in United States. The result is over 50,000 people killed annually. It often happens to young children, infants, and elderly people (â€Å"Effects,† par. 3). People who already have health problems, like asthma, heart and lung disease, have a high risk of suffering or dying when the air is polluted. Another tragic fact happened in English on 1952, which is the famous era of the country’s industrial revolution. As a result, more than 400 people died in because of the fog that formed by smog from the industries. Today, the way of most industries work is not the same as past. Somehow, they manage to reduce the smog their producing. However, there are still many industries in countries, such as China, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and some other eastern European countries, are still using the old way to handle the smog (Socha, par. 8). Our natural ecosystem can be endangered by air pollution too. Air pollutants like carbon dioxides, ozone, and sulfur dioxides also have deadly effects on it. Those harmful substances can easily destroy plants and trees by exterminating their leaves. Air pollution can also kill animals too, especially fish in a river that highly contaminated (â€Å"Effects,† par. 7). Air pollution is not only bad to our health but also to our environment. There will be no doubt that the air will be much cleaner if we stop all the activities that can contaminate the air, but our life is going to be drastically changed. It’s obviously going to be more difficult because nearly all the things that we need can cause air pollution. Almost all of human transportation can cause air pollution. The industries, which produce many people necessity, can cause air pollution. We can not live without those things. So, we do not have to stop the activities that can cause air pollution but we need to reduce it. With all these seriously bad effects of polluted air, we can’t just sit and do nothing. Fortunately, there are many ways that we can do to reduce pollution. Here is the solutions: conserve electricity, set your air conditioner at a higher temperature, reduce the use of heater, driving a car that has a great fuel efficiency (at least 35 miles per gallon), share a ride to destination, or use public transportation, bicycle or walk to errands when possible, reduce the consumption of cigarettes or cigar, replace incandescent light bulbs with compact fluorescent bulbs, recycle newspapers, aluminum, and other materials, and avoid purchasing products such as Styrofoam that contain CFCs (sulfur and chlorofluorocarbons) (Socha, par. 0). Not only these solutions can make the air cleaner, but it also can save energy, and for some of them, can save or generate money. There is one solution that really useful in reducing air pollution, and that is planting more green plants. Just like human, plants breathe in order to live. Trees inhale the carbon dioxide, which is the bad air, during a sunny day. This process called photosynthesis (â€Å"Photosynthesis,† par. 2). In the night time, tree exhales the oxygen, which is the good air. Trees are basically producing the oxygen just by sucking carbon dioxide. It is really useful to us, not only it can make the bad air disappear, but it also generate the good air. So, we need to plant trees as much as we can. It can reduce the air pollution, but what is more is that trees can also make the environment much nicer. If we do all these solutions there will be no doubt that the air will be much cleaner and good things will come if the air is cleaner. For example, health problems will be decreased, healthier ecosystems, and many more. We would not be blamed by our kids or our next generation if we do these solutions. They can live happily and they also have a great chance of doing these solutions. We have to start these good habits from now, and I’m very sure that our generation will be remembered forever just because we start solutions as our habits. The future can be brighter and it is sure that we will live longer.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization NATO The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) (or as they say in French le Organisation du traità © de lAtlantique Nord (OTAN)), began as a military alliance of governments due to the North Atlantic Treaty ( 4 April 1949). From its inception NATO, with headquarters in Brussels, Belgium, has focused on a structure cooperative defence. It translates this structure as having the member states responding to a joint and mutual defence against attack by a non- NATO aggressor. From the original 12 member states there are now 28 participants in this organization dedicated to keeping the alliance strong and vital in a changing world order. Initially, NATO began as a political body, more prone to discussion rather than action. This changed when the Korean War spurred the member states into action and they set up a military command structure under the leadership of two U.S. supreme commanders to effectively deal with the situation that was brewing in Korea. As the first NATO Secretary General, Lord Ismay, stated the organizations goal was to keep the Russians out, the Americans in, and the Germans down.[4] The alliances of WWII with the Russians had taken a beating as the battles became ideological with communism on one side and democracy as represented by the west and NATO was on the other. As for the Germans, there was a basic distrust since they had been responsible for both world wars and it was only four years after their surrender that NATO was formed. Eventually Germany became and is a vital and full-fledged member of the organization. The alliance had some initial credibility issues, since the ever changing relationships between European members and the US were in flux (as always). There was a significant feat that NATO would be unable to stand together against a Soviet invasion. As a sign of its coolness towards the alliance, and basically as a vote of no confidence, the French developed their own nuclear arsenal and withdrew from NATOs military structure in 1966 and hasnt rejoined that aspect of NATO since. In 1955, in retaliation to NATO, the Soviet Bloc countries started their own alliance The Warsaw Pact, and thereby created a common antipathy towards each alliance. In 1989, precipitated by the fall of the Berlin Wall and reunification of Germany, NATO focused its attention on the turmoil of the Balkan states and the troubles brewing in that region. At the same time NATO forged stronger and more durable associations with their former Warsaw Pact adversaries and succeeded so well that quite a few of these states joined the alliance between 1999 and 2004. On 1 April 2009, the NATO membership grew it its present 28 states with the entrance of Albania and Croatia into the alliance.[5] Due to the 11 September, 2001 attacks against New York and Washington, NATO has refocused its mission to fight terrorism, instead of the Eastern block and re purposed itself to meet new and more difficult confrontations in other regions of the world. The alliance has provided troops to Afghanistan as well as trainers to Iraq in order to fulfill its treaty obligations to a member state, in this case the United States, that has been attacked. As part of its ever evolving nature, NATO and the European Union (many of whose members are also members of NATO) signed a package of agreements called The Berlin Plus Agreement on 16 December 2002. The crux of this agreement gives the EU the possibility to use NATO assets in case it wants to act independently in an international crisis, on the condition that NATO itself did not want to act-the so-called right of first refusal.[6] Thus if NATO, as the alliance refused to act in a crisis, the EU therefore has the option to respond. NATO members provide 70-plus% of the worlds defence spending.[7] The United States contributes 43% the total military spending of the world[8] with the United Kingdom, France, Germany, and Italy spending an additional 15%.[9] The remaining alliance countries make up the remainder of the 12% that accounts for this huge outlay of funds, materials and personnel, making NATO ready to meet any crisis. History The history of NATO is a history of treaties that came in the wake of the Second World War. In 1948 he Treaty of Brussels, signed by Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France and the United Kingdom was the forerunner to the NATO agreement. The signing of this treaty coupled with the insidious Soviet Berlin Blockade gave rise to the Western European Unions Defence Organization that same year. [10] There was an understanding though that in order to thwart the rising military power of the USSR, the United States had to be brought into the picture to enable the west to have a solid counterbalance of power. This strategy precipitated a need for a new military alliance. Talks began at once and in less than a year, the North Atlantic treaty was signed between the 5 signatories of the Treaty of Brussels and the United States, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. There was a lot of hostility regarding the treaty and it even caused some Icelanders to advocate and participate in a pro-neutrality, anti-membership riot in March 1949, just days before the final signatures on for April. The Parties of NATO agreed that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all. Consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence will assist the Party or Parties being attacked, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. (http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_17120.htm ) The phrase Such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force does not necessarily mean that other member states will respond with military action against the aggressor(s) has raised many questions over the years. Member states are obligated to respond to a crisis concerning the alliance or any one of its members, however these states have the freedom to choose how they will respond. (Hence Frances decision to withdraw from the military structure, as it never wants to commit its troops to a fight) This clause negates Article IV of the Treaty of Brussels that states that the members will aid the attacked member militarily. Further, the article limits the organizations scope to Europe and North America, which explains why the Falklands War did not result in NATO involvement. However, there was justification for the Afghanistan and Iraq wars involvement as the organizations that attacked the Member state, the US , were not national and merely located in another location . With NATO, some consistency of allied military terminology, procedures, and technology has been brought into existence. This has often meant that European member countries adopting U.S. practices and techniques. There are about 1300 Standardization Agreements (STANAGs) codifying these standards. For instance the 7.62ÃÆ'-51 NATO rifle cartridge of the 1950s became the standard firearm cartridge among many NATO countries while Fabrique Nationale de Herstals FAL was NATO rifle in Europe and used until the early 1990s. In addition to consistent firearms and rifles, signals became standardized, enabling any NATO aircraft to land at any NATO base without confusion. Even the NATO phonetic alphabet has made its beyond NATO into civilian use. Cold War Perhaps the defining moment in early NATO was the outbreak of the Korean War in 1950. This police action became a critical test for the alliance as it confronted what appeared to be all Communist countries working together to destabilize the Koreas. This forced NATO into developing military plans.[11] This war was also the precipitator to the nascent cold war between the West and the East and their ideological disparity. In 1952, NATO began to codify its requirements for a Long Term Defence Plan. The Lisbon conference first suggested that there be 96 divisions dedicated to the alliance, however in 1953, this number was devolved to 35 divisions, with an increased dependence on nuclear weaponry to make up the difference. There were 15 at the ready divisions located in Central Europe and Italy and Scandinavia hosted another ten. Another outcome of the Lisbon Conference was that the Chief Civilian post of Secretary General of NATO was created (Baron Hastings Ismay was appointed). (12, 13) By September of 52, the first NATO exercises were held and Operation Mainbrace brought 200 ships and over 50,000 troops and sailors to practice defending Norway and Denmark. It was a huge success. By the end of that first year, Greece and Turkey joined the alliance. This forced some very contentious negotiations, with the United States and Britain disputing as to the logistics of bringing these two countries into the command structure.[14] All through the controversy that was openly under discussion, covert operations were underway to set up a solid resistance in case of a successful Soviet invasion (Operation Gladio). This resistance was original to the Western European Union, however it seemed more logical and effective to transfer these plans and operations to NATO control. Despite the disputes there were signs of unity a bonds began to grow among the different between NATOs armed forces so that the troops themselves were more cohesive. This included the NATO Tiger Association and competitions such as the Canadian Army Trophy for tank gunnery among the different units and countries. By 1954, the Soviet Union felt that it should become a part of NATO in order to keep the peace in Europe.[15] This did not sit well with the NATO member countries, as they feared that the real motivation of the Soviet Unions was weaken the alliance from within, sewing discord, so they rejected the proposal. However, despite earlier declarations of keeping the Germans down, the admission of West Germany into NATO on 9 May 1955 was described as a decisive turning point in the history of our continent by Halvard Lange, Foreign Minister of Norway at the time.[16] German military forces and manpower were a deciding factor into allowing their former enemy into the alliance. Without the extra soldiers fielding enough forces to resist a Soviet invasion[17] would have been impossible. The upshot of this admission though was the Warsaw Pact, signed on 14 May 1955 (6 days later) with the Soviet Union, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, and East Germany as members. This formal response to Germanys admission into NATO , defined in no uncertain terms, the two sides of the Cold War. French withdrawal Charles de Gaulles presidency of France from 1958 caused a constant strain on the NATO alliance. De Gaulle ongoing objections to the United States role in the organization was the basis of his never ceasing disputation with NATO. He felt that the special relationship between the United States and the United Kingdom was undermining the alliance and he wanted France to be the predominant member state. De Gaulle wrote to President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Prime Minister Harold Macmillan on 17 September 1958, where he basically demanded a tripartite directorate that would put France on an equal footing with the United States and the United Kingdom in NATO. He also stipulated that NATOs coverage be expanded cover French geographical areas, most notably French Algeria, so that NATO could assist Frances counter-insurgency against Algerian rebels. De Gaulle did not like the response Eisenhower and Macmillan gave him so he began to pull away from a unified alliance and create independent defences for his country. He wanted to play both sides of the alliance in case East Germany invaded West Germany. He was determined to have a separate peace with the Eastern bloc and had no desire to involve France in a NATO-Warsaw Pact conflict. In 1959, despite being a signatory to the alliance, De Gaulle began his severing his allegiance to the alliance. In March 1959, France withdrew its Mediterranean Fleet from NATO command. In June 1959, de Gaulle proscribed foreign nuclear weapons on French soil. By this act, the United States began transferring military aircraft out of France and returning control of all air force bases that NATO operated in France since 1950 to the French by 1967. De Gaulle wanted only his own military and nuclear arms on his own soil, despite his supposed solidarity to the alliance. In 1962, during the Cuban Missle Crisis de Gaulle showed unity with NATO, however afterwards he sustained his unrelenting determination of creating his own independent defence through the removal of Frances Atlantic and Channel fleets from the NATO command structure. Therefore it was no surprise to anyone within the alliance that by 1966, all French armed forces were removed from NATOs integrated military command, and all non-French NATO troops were asked to leave France. All his actions caused the Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) to move from Rocquencourt, near Paris, to Casteau, Belgium, by 16 October 1967. While France remained a member of the alliance, its removal on the surface seemed to preclude any sort of committed defence of Europe from possible Communist attack. On the other hand, France did have forces stationed in the Federal Republic of Germany throughout the Cold War. A chain of clandestine agreements between U.S. and French officials, ( Lemnitzer-Ailleret Agreements) delineated the way French forces would fit together and return to NATOs command in case hostilities commenced during the Cold War. [18] Although on the surface France and DeGaulle had manipulated themselves into an independent there was nevertheless a way for France to unite and fight with NATO in case of war. It wasnt until 1995 that the French position on the military structure of NATO began to change. Dà ©tente NATO was able to keep from actual military engagements as an alliance throughout most of the Cold War. The organization was prepared in case of such a scenario. In 1968, NATO argued that since the United States controlled nuclear weapons until a decision to go to war and NATOs own nuclear sharing arrangements with the US were no in violation of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation treaty that was being signed. Since few states actually knew what NATOs nuclear position actually was, whatever the alliance declaimed was considered truth and there was no challenge to their stance as far as controlling nuclear weapons was concerned. NATO countries officially defined two balancing aims of the Alliance on 30 May 1978. The first was to follow their initial directive and maintain security throughout the alliance. The second was to pursue dà ©tente. The purpose of these two complementary aims was to match the NATO defences to those of the Warsaw Pacts offensive capacity without inciting an extra arms race. In 1979, since the Warsaw Pact countries built up their nuclear capabilities in Europe, NATO approved the deployment of U.S. GLCM cruise missiles and Pershing II theatre nuclear weapons in Europe. These new warheads strengthened the western position regarding nuclear disarmament. This Dual Track policy meant that peace was pursued on one hand while meeting weapons build up on the other. Essentially it was a game of one-upmanship conducted by both sides. This occurred again in 1983-84, when NATO responded to the positioning of Warsaw Pact SS-20 medium-range missiles in Europe, by deploying modern Pershing II missiles. These missiles have the ability to hit military targets quite hard such as tank formations, should there be a war. These dual actions led to peace movement protests throughout Western Europe in light of the fact that the danger level ratcheted up in case peace talks were unsuccessful. Escalation Most of Europe was divided between the two alliances. Members of NATO were often shown in blue, with members of the Warsaw Pact shown in red on any maps depicting their allegiances. President Ronald Reagan of the United States was determined that the buildup of the tension between the US and USSR should be exacerbated even more by having NATO deploy those Pershing II and cruise missiles in Western Europe, primarily West Germany. These Pershing II missiles are tactical nuclear weapons intended to strike targets on the battlefield in the event that the Soviets invaded West Germany. The Soviets fed into the Reagan paranoia and played into his deployment plans on 1 September 1983, when they shot down a South Korean passenger airliner when it crossed into Soviet airspace. Reagan characterized the shooting down of the plane a massacre. With world opinion on their side the U.S., galvanized support for the deployment of the missiles. This deployment stood in place until the later accords between Reagan and Mikhail Gorbachev were reached and the hegemony of the Soviet Union began to dismantle.. Gamesmanship in the membership was still around although during the late 1970s and early 80s there was some stagnancy. In 1974, when the Turks invaded Cyprus, Greece withdrew its forces from NATOs military command structure. Finally though, in 1980, they were readmitted (Turkish cooperation was necessary) Finally in May 1982, Spain was able to join the alliance as its former dictator had died and the newly democratic country was free to become part of NATO. Spain joined the alliance. In November 1983, NATO maneuvers simulated a nuclear launch and it caused widespread panic in the USSR. General Secretary Yuri Andropov, who was in ill health at the time, was worried that the maneuvers, were actually a genuine first strike. In response, Soviet nuclear forces were readied and air units in East Germany and Poland were placed on alert. It was a tense situation and although U.S. intelligence felt that the Soviet response was merely a propaganda effort, there are many who feel that ailing Andropov was convinced that a NATO first strike was imminent. Post Cold War When the Cold War ended and the Warsaw Pact dissolved in 1991, the main adversary of NATO was gone. There was a strategic reassessment of NATOs purpose. While this reassessment and realignment of the nature and tasks of the alliance were underway, the ultimate result is that NATO has expanded into Eastern Europe and former Warsaw Pact countries are becoming part of the alliance. NATO has also extended its activities into new areas. In 1990, NATO welcomed the German reunification. This meant that the former East Germany was part of the Federal Republic of Germany and therefore alliance. This had been agreed in the Two Plus Four Treaty earlier in the year. There was still a need for Soviet approval of a united Germany to remain in NATO so it was stipulated that foreign troops and nuclear weapons would not be stationed in the eastern part of the country (the former East Germany). Because of this new treaty, there has been an ongoing controversy between scholars and diplomats regarding the expansion of the NATO Alliance. Once scholar, Stephen F. Cohen argued in 2005 that a commitment was given that NATO would never expand further east,[19]. On the other hand but according to Robert Zoellick,( then a State Department official involved in the Two Plus Four negotiating process,) feels that Cohen is wrong as there was no formal commitment of the sort made in the treaty regarding any other country besides Germany.[20] In May 2008, The Daily Telegraph held an interview with Mikhail Gorbachev who felt along with Cohen that there was a commitment made. Gorbachev said the Americans promised that NATO wouldnt move beyond the boundaries of Germany after the Cold War but now half of central and eastern Europe are members, so what happened to their promises? It shows they cannot be trusted.[21] NATOs military structure was cut back and reorganized in the post Cold War era, with new forces such as the Headquarters Allied Command Europe Rapid Reaction Corps established. The Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe agreed between NATO and the then still existent Warsaw Pact, mandated specific reductions in personnel, weapons, and nukes. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the military balance in Europe shifted and this was recognized in the Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty. Finally in 1995, after nearly a 30 year absence, France rejoined NATOs Military Committee in 1995. French President Nicolas Sarkozy reformed Frances military position and enabled the country to return to full membership on 4 April 2009. This date also saw France rejoin the integrated military command of NATO, even as it still maintains its own nuclear deterrent independently of the alliance.[22] Balkans interventions After years of military preparedness and no fighting during the Cold War, NATOs first military operation came during the former Yugoslavia civil war. It was called Operation Sharp Guard and ran from June 1993-October 1996. NATO provided maritime enforcement of the arms embargo, and set ic sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Six months into the embargo and blockade, (28 February 1994) NATO took its first military action, by shooting down four Bosnian Serb aircraft. These planes violated a U.N.-mandated no-fly zone over central Bosnia and Herzegovina. NATOs Operation Deliberate Force, a bombing campaign started in August, 1995, against the Army of the Republika Srpska, after the Srebrenica massacre. Operation Deny Flight, the no-fly-zone enforcement mission, started in 1993, continued the end of December 1995. The NATO air strikes forced an end to the war in Bosnia. This culminated in the the Dayton Agreement, that provided NATO with authority to deployed peacekeeping force, under Operation Joint Endeavor, first named IFOR and then SFOR. This deployment ran from December 1996 to December 2004. Following the lead of its member nations, NATO began to award a service medal, the NATO Medal, for these operations in appreciation of its troops efforts in a difficult endeavor. NATO was now a fully fledged military organization that was as capable as any single member nation on conducting a military operation to successful conclusion. What had been words on paper was now put into practice. From 1994 to 1997, NATO and its neighbors set up several forums for dialogue in order to keep conflict at a minimum. The Partnership for Peace, the Mediterranean Dialogue initiative and the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council were all results of these forums and led the way to a more inclusive membership in the alliance. On 8 July 1997, three former communist countries, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland, were invited to join NATO and their final admission occurred in 1999. By 1998, the NATO-Russia Permanent Joint Council was established to keep communications open and free flowing between the former adversaries. NATO saw its first broad-scale military engagement in the Kosovo War, where it waged an 11-week bombing campaign, called Operation Allied Force. This was again against what was then the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as the Serbians massacred and cracked- down on Albanian civilians in Kosovo. While a formal declaration of war never took place the NATO action was successful. Yugoslavian leader Slobodan MiloÃ…Â ¡eviĆ¡ agreed to NATOs demands and Kosovos native Albanians were free to stay or go. During Kosovo, NATO deployed one of its international reaction forces, the ACE Mobile Force (Land), to deliver humanitarian aid to Kosovan refugees. [23] NATO then established the KFOR, a NATO-led force under a United Nations mandate that operated the military mission in Kosovo. In August-September 2001, the alliance also mounted Operation Essential Harvest, a mission disarming ethnic Albanian militias in the Republic of Macedonia.[24] NATOs work in the military arena was expanding and becoming vital to international interests This expansion and necessity led the United States, the United Kingdom, and most other NATO countries to oppose efforts that require the U.N. Security Council to approve NATO military strikes, as had happened against Serbias invasion into Kosovo in 1999. France and some others claimed that the alliance needed U.N. approval of course probably more as a way to thwart the US/UK more than any ideological reasons. The U.S./U.K. side that Russia and China would have exercised their Security Council vetoes to block the strike on Yugoslavia and thereby condemned all those ethnic Albanians to slaughter. Russia and China could in fact exercise these same vetoes whenever future conflicts arose where NATO intervention was required. This would essentially cripple and the purpose of the organization. NATO adopted the Alliance Strategic Concept during its Washington Summit in April 1999 that emphasized conflict prevention and crisis management[25] as a prelude to any sort of military intervention unless required and approved by the alliance. After the 11 September attacks Everything changed after the 9/11 attacks on the United States. At this time, and for the first time, NATO invoked Article 5 of the NATO Charter. The Article states: Article 5 The Parties agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all and consequently they agree that, if such an armed attack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of individual or collective self-defence recognised by Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will assist the Party or Parties so attacked by taking forthwith, individually and in concert with the other Parties, such action as it deems necessary, including the use of armed force, to restore and maintain the security of the North Atlantic area. Any such armed attack and all measures taken as a result thereof shall immediately be reported to the Security Council. Such measures shall be terminated when the Security Council has taken the measures necessary to restore and maintain international peace and security . Essentially, an attack on any member shall be considered to be an attack on all members. This invocation of Article Five was ratified on 4 October 2001 when NATO determined that the attacks were indeed eligible under the terms of the North Atlantic Treaty.[26] Eight official actions were taken by NATO to respond to the attacks. Among them were Operation Eagle Assist and Operation Active Endeavour. Operation Active Endeavour is to prevent the movement of terrorists or weapons of mass destruction as well as to enhance the security of shipping in general in the Mediterranean . Despite this early show of solidarity within the alliance there was another crisis barely more than a year later. France and Belgium vetoed the procedure of silent approval concerning the timing of protective measures for Turkey in case of a possible war with Iraq. Germany did not use its right to break the procedure but said it supported the veto. So that all efforts to assist that member fell into abeyance and should Turkey be attacked, there is no agenda in place to quickly form a reprisal. On the other hand the invasion of Afghanistan provided NATO with a chance for a more public unity. On 16 April 2003, NATO took command of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in Afghanistan. Germany and the Netherlands, the two nations leading ISAF at the time of the agreement requested this action and all NATO ambassadors approved it unanimously. The handover of control to NATO took place on 11 August, and marked the first time in NATOs history that it took charge of a mission outside the north Atlantic area. By January 2004, NATO appointed Minister Hikmet Çetin, of Turkey, as the Senior Civilian Representative (SCR) in Afghanistan to be responsible for advancing the political-military aspects of the Alliance in Afghanistan. On 31 July 2006, a NATO-led force took over military operations in the south of Afghanistan from a U.S.-led anti-terrorism coalition and has been protecting the area since. Bowing to US Pressure, NATO even has set up a training program in Iraq to assist in that countrys efforts. NATOs involvement in both arenas has expanded its role in the war against terrorism and the alliance has been instrumental in assisting the now 8 year old conflicts in their efforts to bring the terror organizations in both countries to a halt.

Sonnet 18 Essay -- essays research papers

Amazing authors can induce thoughts by a single word. The ideas that can form in our heads by a small phrase are powerful. Only the most talented and capable authors can provoke such feelings within us. Who is more than able to stir these feelings in a reader but William Shakespeare? His various plays keep us entranced and curious but it is his poetry that strikes a chord deep within us. Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare is particularly powerful. He writes about a love that cannot be compared to anything in the world because of his deep infatuation. Shakespeare wrote his sonnet when he was deeply in love with a woman. He starts off his sonnet by implanting an image in our head of a summer day. A summer day triggers a scene that flashes in our head of children playing and the sun shining,...

Report on an interview

On October 16th, I spoke with hypermarkets customer concerning the products and services that they are offering. The interviewee was 28 year old man, who is single and he is living with his parents and sister . Annual income of his family is approximately 80. 000 KM which is above average annual income per household in Sarajevo. His generally view on hypermarkets is positive and he thinks they are great because they offer a large selection of different products in one place. He regularly visits specific Hypermarket and he has chosen Mercator solely for the diversity of it’s products and brands, and the availability of everything necessary in one place. When it comes to choosing products to purchase, quality plays a critical role and price of the particular product is less relevant. When I asked him about Mercator’s line of products for personal hygiene, the responses could conclude that he does not like them because they are cheap and available to everyone, which he considers to mean lower quality. He likes to buy products with tested quality and brand name means a lot to him when deciding on purchasing a particular product. Based on the above I conclude that his motives for purchases are emotional, such as pride, attraction and status. Purchasing products of famous brands, he acknowledges his social status, for which he paid a higher price and he is sure that he receives and the higher quality. When it comes to product brand, which he prefers, rarely gives up the quest, and hardly find a particular product substitutes which represents the characteristics of loyal consumers. People who buy cheaper products, such as Mercator’s line of products for personal hygiene â€Å"potpuna njega†, he perceives as a lower class with lower income to whom quality is not at the first place, who primarily watch price of the specific product. Based on information gathered in-depth interview I can say that the influence of family, culture, and social status, at the attitude of respondents toward a particular product is very pronounced and depends primarily on financial and leisure habits. It should be noted that past experience is very important for him, and that future decisions about the purchase depends on his personal past experience. Listen Read phonetically He uses the Internet as a source of information about different products, but he does not visit a Web sites of domestic hypermarkets, because he thinks that they are not regularly updated and can not find new information by visitng them. And he's also never read the advertising post and promotional flyers. Listen Read phonetically Listen Read phonetically

Cultural Event Paper Essay

This paper is to discuss my experience on a trip to Orlando, what I saw and what value those experience had for me as an expression of 21st century culture in this country. Some connections discovered between the event and different topics we have been reviewing on this course will also be discussed. Cultural Event As a great fan of visual arts of any kinds with special interest in sculpture and figurative art painting, I visited a place called â€Å"Holy Land Experience† in Orlando, Florida because of what I’ve heard about the place, how they showcase ancient Jewish architectural designs, ancient history of Jerusalem and key biblical histories. It was meant to be a vacation trip with the intention of giving the family a treat; however the visit to this Christian theme park ended up being educational for me more than it was a thrill for the family. Beautiful buildings bringing to life ancient Jewish architectural designs, what with all the workers dressed in traditional Jewish attire even men wearing gowns and covering their heads with scarves exactly as described in some of the books read in the past on Jewish cultures. With their long beards, those men made the place looks almost like a modern day bible story land and getting to the Jerusalem street market, we had an opportunity to travel back in time to an ancient land that is 2000 years old and thousands of miles away from United States. Passion dramas and live religious shows emphasizes the rich Jewish ancient culture of Passover, that is the eight-day festival celebrated in the early spring from the 15th to the 22nd day in the Hebrew month of Nissan. This festival is to celebrate the deliverance of Jewish people from Egypt after many years of slavery. Local foods from traditional Seder favorites like brisket and matzoh ball soup to kosher-for-Passover, yeast-less cookies and brownies were all displayed during the live shows, to again make visitors experience nearly as real as possible. They also have a scriptorium museum; center for Christian Antiquities where some defaced historical items are kept for display. Among these antiquities found in this scriptorium museum are parts of the remains of Noah’s ark. It is just an imitation of the real but constructed in such a way to make it look as real as it can be. Despite we are in the 21st century, most people in this country still connect or relate with one religious value or the other. So as a Christian, who has never been to Israel to see firsthand these historical sites, the art impressions at â€Å"Holy Land Experience† reenact biblical histories. Some of the histories like the birth, crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus Christ who is the founding figure of Christian faith and other histories that surround him as recounted in the bible and other literatures I’ve read in the past are more real after visiting this site. I discover that since I have visited the â€Å"Holy Land Experience† my connection with Christian faith has been stronger than ever and now the image of those historical sites visited lingers in my memory. We now also take communion at home on a regular basis in remembrance of how Jesus Christ broke the bread which symbolizes his body and share the wine which symbolizes his blood with his disciples before his crucifixion. Conclusion Relating this experience with ideas and themes we’ve been talking about on this course, I can conclude that though Christianity has evolved in many ways, there are still a lot of similarities in the Christian cultural patterns and traditions when compared with the early days.

Penn foster study guide Essay

Welcome to Fundamentals of Early Childhood Education! We  hope that this course will add to your knowledge and help  you form new opinions about a subject in which you’re  already interested—educating young children. KNOW YOUR TEXTBOOK Your textbook for this course is Foundations of Early  Childhood Education: Teaching Children in a Diverse Setting  by Janet Gonzales-Mena. It’s important that you read the  material in your textbook and study until it’s completely  familiar to you. This is the material on which your examinations are based. The content of the textbook is divided into three sections: Part 1—Foundations of the Teaching-Learning Process:  The Role of the Early Childhood Educator Part 2—Foundations of Curriculum: Planning for  Learning Part 3—Foundations for Formal Education: Planning for  Learning As you read the chapters within those parts, you’ll discover the following features:  Chapter introductions, which provide overviews  Chapter outlines, which identify key topics  Sections titled â€Å"In This Chapter You’ll Discover,† which provide a list of things you should learn in the chapter   Marginal links that connect key content to the National   Association for the Education of Young Children early  childhood program standards  Your examples should be descriptions of specific incidents. For example, a child may have had a problem separating  from a parent the day that you observed. You would  describe exactly how the caregiver or teacher handled  the situation and redirected the child. Giving a general  description or providing brief examples of how the caregiver or teacher interacts with the all the children in the room isn’t sufficient for this part of your summary. 3. What is the guidance and discipline policy used at the  facility? Clearly explain how misbehavior is handled.  4. What did you like best and least about the program?  This part of your summary should state your views of  the program. Discuss three points you liked about the  program and three points you didn’t like. Provide specific examples to illustrate each point. 5. What are some suggestions for improvement? In this part  of your report, discuss some ways in which you feel the  quality of the program could be improved. What do you  think could be done differently that would better meet  the needs of the children in the setting? Remember, even  the best environment can be improved. List at least five  suggestions for improvement. Make any other needed revisions. Revise as many times as  you feel necessary, and then correct your report for spelling and grammar. Your final submission should be typed in a  12-point font with double-spaced formatting.

Silent dancing by judith ortiz cofer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Silent dancing by judith ortiz cofer - Essay Example It was during this time that her father moved to the States. He got assigned to duty on a ship in Brooklyn yard. She narrates on how her father moved to the United States, and Brooklyn became his permanent home base until his retirement. This happens more than twenty years later. He went and tracked his uncle who stayed in New Jersey, and that is where he found an apartment which hosted Jewish families. A year later they followed their dad when her mother was still twenty years old (Starvans 12). The narrative then moves from the past to the present when she enters into a living room. The room is filled with people dressed up; the men had dark suits and the women had red dresses. She is here for a party where her cousin had bought a camera, and they wanted to make a movie. At the place, she meets a lot of people originating from Puerto Rico. There, she finds traditional food like kidney beans, and she felt surrounded by her language. The narrator then moves to the future where she se es herself being a secretary for a prominent lawyer as she could type the fastest in her class. She sees herself getting married to an American and doing away with the outdated Puerto Rican culture and belief system. The narrative continues in the same manner where she continues to have memories about the past and narrates about how it was like when they used to have their Christmas. The narrative moves to the present where she narrates about her future plans again. This sequence goes on till the end of the narrative as it keeps on shifting from present to past to future. Ortiz also uses the projection technique where she projects her future in a manner that makes it seem so real and certain. She projects herself and sees herself being a secretary of a lawyer because she was the fastest in typing. She projects her cousin’s girlfriend to being a good wife from the way she sat on the couch and the way she got dressed. Ortiz narrates that her cousin’s girlfriend had wore a full skirt dress, which she had tacked around her carefully. She sat on the couch formally, and her dress got pulled over and past her knees. These qualities project the girl as a humble future wife. Also, when she approached the camera she faced down as she was supposed to by her culture; this shows her humility in her actions hence depicting her as a humble future wife for her cousin. Ortiz projects herself to be an independent American girl and not a naive cultured girl from Puerto Rico. She sees herself marrying her American boyfriend whom she sneaks out on some nights to be with him. Ortiz narrates how she will have an American name, and she is so sure of it (Starvans 134). The narrative also employs the technique of different time frame and structure. The narrative moves the reader from present to past and present to the future and vice versa. The narrative begins with the narrator telling about her past, she remembers about her life when she was young in Puerto Rico. She re members about the birth of her brother and how her father moved to the United States as a navy officer. She then narrates how they moved with their mother to follow her dad in the U.S. She remembers how the dad struggled to make them adopt and become assimilated into the American culture (Starvans 101). She narrates how her dad had a difficult time in getting a house because of his origin. She remembers of their life in their first house and how the heater pipes rattled and made a lot

CASE 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

CASE 3 - Essay Example During the hiring process, it is pivotal to identify the skills required to fill the position and neglect favoritism in hiring method. It is right for George to report against unethical and favoritism activity (Arnold, Arnold & Venessa, 2010). It is pivotal for George to report against the matter to the authority who can take necessary steps to provide credible solution and nullify the issue. Report submitted by George must provide necessary action against the supervisor. The recruitment and selection procedure must be consistent and fair. The recruitment process must be legally defensible and it can be ensured by developing proper person specification and job description to provide the description of the role of the employees required. This orders as to be supported by every hierarchy level, managers and supervisors (Anonymous, 2011). Every employee wants to be ensured fairness and this can be created by consistency of administration. This can help to create fair recruitment process that can help employee like George to feel part of hospital. The nursing supervisor of George has already filled position despite of having experienced nurse like George. This is sense of favoritism can strain the morale of workplace environment. Many of supervisors tend to show favoritism by gender and sexual orientation and even they do not recognize the negative impact of favoritism (Calvasnia, Calvasnia & Calvasnia, 2008). In-depth training and guidance must be recommended to supervisors to diminish the rate of favoritism in hospital. There must be transparency on any workplace and supervisor must be transparent to take any necessary step for the benefit of organization. The concern of George on fear of termination or retaliation can be negotiated in certain steps. Firstly, George must analyze the reason behind the favoritism. Secondly, talk to other colleagues regarding the issue. Then report to

Marekting Concepts - Classic Airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Marekting Concepts - Classic Airlines - Essay Example In addition, there are high levels of uncertainty in the firm. These uncertainties range from reduced customers to a flight of a half full aero jet. As a result, there is a considerably increased charge to cater for these uncertainties. The fact that there are a number of other airlines is a challenge by itself. Competition is high in this business and leads to a reduction in the number of customers with time. Since the year 2005, there has been a problem in customer loyalty. Existing customers (even today) are trying other airlines hence switching from Classic Airlines. Due to the prominence of the first four airlines, this particular one has lost market (Kotler & Keller, 2006). Due to the tough economic times, costs of most items go up by day. Labor and fuel go up at an alarming rate and at times fluctuates. It makes competition for Classic Airline a big challenge, therefore. In a move to try fighting these challenges, this airline had to call for a crisis meeting which cost the company a lot to finance for the transport of major stakeholders as well as cater for their sitting allowances. There was some workforce downsizing, which affected the company a great deal. When experts are sent home, this is the beginning of trouble; less work will be done by the few remaining workers. Machines are deemed to fail at times. According to University of Phoenix Material (n.d), many lives have been lost in this mode of transport. Paying salaries for the expensive expertise becomes a challenge and the burden is transferred to the customer. As noted by University of Phoenix Material (n.d), Classic Airlines have one of the challenged corporate cultures in the world. On the contrary, there are departments that are not working to realize the requirements of their customers. For this reason, there has been a problem in bringing together some of the company processes and operations. There is the use of customer relationship management that is catered in the marketing