The Definition Of Health Management Essay

The Definition Of wellness prudence Es supposeThis assignment is truly leave behind describe slightly the contradictory demand of exist diminution plan and the need to invest to enhance the standard of wellness, precaution and environs (HSE) in the industry. This assignment consist of the explanation of wellness, the definition of Safety, the definition of environment, passkey plaque in Malaysia, salute Reduction, do great, Discussion and also the Conclusion of this assignment.2.0 THE description OF HEALTHHealth is the level of snuff ital or metabolic aptitude of a living beingness. In mercifuls, it is the general actor of a persons mind and body, usu eithery meaning to be free fromillness, brandor perturb(as in good wellness or wellnessy). The humanness Health Organization(WHO) defined wellness in its broader sense in 1946 as a state of complete natural, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence seizure of disease or in stiffity. Systematic ac tivities to block or cure wellness problems and promote good health in humans be undertaken byhealth cargon providers. Applications with regard to savage health ar cover by the veterinary sciences. The term healthy is also widely utilize in the context of umpteen casings of non-living governing bodys and their impacts for the benefit of humans, such as in the sense ofhealthy communities,healthy citiesorhealthy environments. In do-gooder to health c ar interventions and a persons surroundings, a number of opposite federal agents are cognize to influence the health status of individuals, including their background, lifestyle, and economic and social conditions, these are referred to as determinants of health. Gener in ally, the context in which an individual lives is of great importance for his health status and persona of life. It is increasingly recognized that health is prevailed and amend not goodly through and through the advancement and application ofhealth scie nce, and also through the drives and intelligentlifestylechoices of the individual and society. According to theWorld Health Organization, the main determinants of health include the social and economic environment, the carnal environment, and the persons individual characteristics and behaviors.3.0 THE DEFINITION OF SAFETYSafetyis the state of being uninjured, the condition of being protected against physical, social, spiritual, financial, political, emotional, occupational, psychological, educational or other types or consequences of failure, damage,error,accidents, disabilityor any other event which could be considered non-desirable. Safety fanny also be defined to be the control of recognized hazards to master an acceptable level of take a chance. This tail assembly take the form of being protected from the event or from exposure to aboutthing that ca affairs health or economical losses. It cease include protection of people or of possessions.There are deuce slightly different meanings of good. For shell,home condomwhitethorn indicate a buildings ability to protect against external harm events (such as weather, home invasion, etc.), or whitethorn indicate that its internal installations (such as appliances, stairs, etc.) are safe (not unreliable or harmful) for its inhabitants. Safety is the condition of a steady state of an organization or place doing what it is supposed to do. What it is supposed to do is defined in terms of earth codes and standards, associated architectural and engineering designs, corporate vision and military mission statements, and operational plans and personnel policies. For any organization, place, or function, large or small, safety is a normative conception. It complies with situation- originateicularised definitions of what is expected and acceptable. Security is the figure out or means, physical or human, of delaying, preventing, and otherwise protecting against external or internal, defects, dangers, los s, criminals, and other individuals or actions that threaten, hinder or destroy an organizations steady state, and deprive it of its intended habit for being.Safety clear be limited in relation to someguaranteeor a standard ofinsuranceto the pure tone and unharmful function of an target area or organization. It is workoutd in run to condition that the object or organization will do only what it is meant to do. It is all- in-chief(postnominal)(a) to exculpate that safety is relative. Eliminating allrisk, if even possible, would be extremely difficult and genuinely expensive. A safe situation is one where risks of injury or airscrew damage are low and manageable.4.0 THE DEFINITION OF ENVIRONMENT4.1 Environment dodgeInscienceandengineering, a dodgingis the split of theuniversethat is being studied, while theenvironmentis the remainder of the universe that lies outside the boundaries of the system. It is also known as thesurroundings, and inthermodynamics, as thereservoir. In some field of battles, such as randomness theory,informationmay also be exchanged. The environment is snub in psychoanalysis of the system, except in regards to these interactions. The Environmental systems are zippy to the human race and to all living organisms. Without the systems in place and working, we would all cease to exist. Rivers and streams are an example, if the system of this were to not work, then the whole system would collapse.4.2 Environmental HealthEnvironmental healthis a branch of universe healthconcerned with all aspects of thenaturalandbuilt environmentthat may affect humanhealth. early(a) phrases that concern or refer to the discipline of environmental health includeenvironmental public healthandenvironmental health and protection. The field of environmental health differs fromenvironmental sciencein that environmental health is concerned with environmental factors affecting human health whereas environmental science is concerned with the environment a s it affects ecosystems. Environmental health addresses all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the connect factors impacting behaviours. It encompasses the judicial determination and control of those environmental factors that sens potentially affect health. It is targeted towards preventing disease and creating health-supportive environments. This definition excludes behaviour not related to environment, as well as behaviour related to the social and cultural environment, and genetics. Environmental health is defined by theWorld Health Organization. Those aspects of the human health and disease that are compulsive by factors in the environment. It also refers to the theory and practice of assessing and controlling factors in the environment that wad potentially affect health. Environmental health as used by the WHO Regional Office for Europe, includes both the direct ghoulish effects of chemicals, radiation and some biological agents , and the effects (often indirect) on health and well being of the broad physical, psychological, social and cultural environment, which includes housing, urban development, lay use and transport.4.3 Environmental Health ProfessionEnvironmental health practitioners may be known assanitarians,public health inspectors, environmental health specialists,environmental health officersor environmental health practitioners. In many other(prenominal) European countries, physicians and veterinarians are involved in environmental health. In the united Kingdom, practitioners must have a graduate distri yetor point in environmental health and be certified and registered with the Chartered Institute of Environmental Health. In Canada, practitioners in environmental health are required to obtain an approved bachelors degree in environmental health a capacious with the national victor certificate the Certificate in Public Health Inspection (Canada). many another(prenominal) states in theUn ited Statesalso require that individuals have a bachelors degree and professionallicensesin order to practice environmental health.4.4 Disciplines of Environmental HealthThree basic disciplines generally contribute to the field of environmental health. The triad disciplines of Environmental Health is environmental epidemiology, toxicology, and exposure science. Each of these disciplines contributes different information to describe problems in environmental health, but thither is some crossway among them.Environmental epidemiologystudies the relationship surrounded by environmental exposures (including exposure to chemicals, radiation, microbiological agents, etc.) and human health. empiric studies, which simply ob make out exposures that people have already experienced, are universal in environmental epidemiology because humans cannot ethically be exposed to agents that are known or suspected to cause disease. While the inability to use experimental study designs is a limitati on of environmental epidemiology, this discipline forthwith ob functions effects on human health rather than estimating effects from animal studies.Toxicologystudies how environmental exposures lead to specific health outcomes, generally in animals, as a means to understand possible health outcomes in humans. Toxicology has the supporter of being able to conduct randomized controlled trials and other experimental studies because they can use animal subjects. However in that respect are many differences in animal and human biology, and there can be a smokestack of uncertainty when interpreting the results ofanimal studiesfor their implications for human health. impression sciencestudies human exposure to environmental contaminants by both makeing and appraiseing exposures. Exposure science can be used to support environmental epidemiology by better describing environmental exposures that may lead to a particular health outcome, identify general exposures whose health outcomes may be better understood through a toxicology study, or can be used in a risk assessment to determine whether current levels of exposure might exceed recommended levels. Exposure science has the reward of being able to very accurately assess exposures to specific chemicals, but it does not generate any information about health outcomes like environmental epidemiology or toxicology.Information from these three disciplines can be combined to conduct arisk assessmentfor specific chemicals or mixtures of chemicals to determine whether an exposure poses significant risk to human health.5.0 skipper ORGANIZATION IN MALAYSIA1. occupational Safety and Health Agency (OSHA)Occupational Safety and Health Agency OSHA is comprised of a diverse team of safety and quality professionals whose expertise is focused on what the fellowship does best. With technical expertise as diverse and complex as the sites and facilities of its clients, OSHA is strategically positioned to help the modulate co mmunity manage a wide range of technical and regulative issues related to past, present and future operations.OSHA is distinguished by the range and build of professional disciplines it provides the advanced technical expertise of OSHA staff and professional contributions that OSHA has do to industry as well as the local community through participation in a number of projects and events that have helped to raise public awareness related to safety, and quality concerns.OSHA has established long term-valued relationships with our clients, providing customized approaches to occupational injury and illness prevention. The OSHA organization work closely and discretely with clients to identify hazards and provide linear perspective on risk. OSHA can then correct deficiencies and improve performance at bottom an existing organizational framework.2. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Malaysia is a com pany limited by guarantee owned by the Government of Malaysia. In the words of the Minister of Human Resources, Malaysia, NIOSH would be a critical gun in the promotion of occupational safety and health that would also serve as the backbone to create a self-regulating occupational safety and health culture in Malaysia. NIOSH is committed to ensure a safe and healthy working environment to all employees and others involved in or affected by its operation taking into account statutory necessary and relevant national and international standards and codes of practices. actionation and efficientness of this constitution is a line management responsibility together with the participation and involvement of all employees and NIOSH will ensure that adequate resources, training and time are make available.Safety and Health management systems and programmes will be regularly reviewed to ensure continuous improvement.Humanistic approach will be adopted by NIOSH to promote a safe and healthy work culture which employer and employees packet the common responsibility of creating a better work environment for all.This policy will be monitored to ensure achievement of our objectives and reviewed in light of legislative or organizational changes.6.0 COST REDUCTION bell reductionis the process used by companies to reduce theircostand increase their additions. Depending on a companysservicesorproduct, the strategies can vary. However, it is important to remember that every decision in the product development process affectscost. Companies typically launch a newly product without focusing too much on cost. woo becomes more(prenominal) important when competition increases and price becomes a differentiator in the market. There are several types of main cost reduction strategies-provider consolidationComponent consolidationRe-source to low cost countriesRequest For Quotations supplier cost breakdown analysisFunction analysis / Value analysis / Value engineering excogitate Fo r Manufacture / Design For Assembly mouse costing woo driver analysisShould cost crossing benchmarkingDesign to costDesign workshops with suppliersCompetitor benchmarkingThere are rightcost reductiontechniques and there are wrong ones. using the right strategies will result in a more efficient company spending. Using the wrong techniques will create a reduction of put downs required to maintain product quality and company value. It is a fine line sometimes, but a systematic approach can help managers quash devising serious mistakes in the rush to make do expenses. monetary value management strategies should be utilized as lucks of a larger objective to maintain upper limit realizeability. As such, cutting expenses will be just one part of a plan that focuses also on maximizing revenue. Effective techniques will begin with the setting of goals and objectives. There can be many reasons wherefore a company might need to cut costs.To create spare cash reservesTo reduce price o f product or serviceTo bring expenses in line with revenuesTo eliminate unnecessary expenses or wasteful spendingTo increase company valueTo increase competitive advan tag endeTo move costs amid departmentsIdentifying the goal of the expense reduction use of goods and services will assist with implementation of an effective plan. In other words, if you dont know why you are cutting costs, how are you going to know where to cut costs? The habit of expense reduction is to help the company towards long term survival. Purposes of expense reduction includeCreate cash for reinvest in research and development dilute manufacturing costs to stay competitive lop costs as a non sugar so able to serve more peopleLower costs of service in order to provide additional servicesTo become more efficientTo prevent employee lay-offsTo prevent reduction in employee benefitsCost reduction techniques should also be evaluated in terms of impact on the organization. Prioritizing the goals of the cost cu tting program will insure that the strategies are implemented appropriately. There are many different ways a company can institute a plan to reduce expenses.Across the board reductionsPrioritized reductionsDepartmental reductionsReductions based on professional assessmentCost reduction techniques can be an important strategy for another reason. They can teach a company to be economical, by forcing a regular review of spending at every level of the organization. It can keep a company vital and streamlined.The alternating(a) Considered Cost Reduction IdeasWhen seeking to reduce its expenditures on goods and services, the first prospect in many organizations is Lets find cheaper suppliers. But in many cases, sourcing for new suppliers are either not practical or its a suboptimal alternative.Fortunately, there are several ideas for achieving cost reductions without switching suppliers.Ask You May gain Ask your suppliers if they have cost savings ideas. You never know when the respo nse may surprise you.Aggregation According to Patton, Aggregation is any effort that makes the buyers requirements more attr active to the seller by bundling those requirements with the volume of other buyers. This can be internal across business units or geographies or external with other companies. For external bundling, you can build your own syndicate or join an existing group purchasing organization.Spec systematisation Spec rationalization involves looking at the goods and services you buy and ascertain smarter ways to specify them. Patton shares an example from previous employment We discovered that we had between 80 and 100 different specifications across the company worldwide for water. No reasonable person in Purchasing or Engineering is gonna say that we really need that many specs for water.Leveraging The Supply string In this technique, youre looking at suppliers suppliers, one or 2 move back in the supply chain, Patton explains. Sometimes, the biggest cost set in the par is really out of your own immediate suppliers direct control. Patton recommends working to identify situations where several of your suppliers buy the aforementioned(prenominal) material towards what they make for you and then leverage that combined demand to drive cost reductions from lower tier suppliers.7.0 cabbageA financial benefit that is realized when the amount of revenue gained from a business activity exceeds the expenses, costs and taxes needed to sustain the activity. Any profit that is gained goes to the businesss possessors, who may or may not decide to spend it on the business. Calculated asProfit = entireness Revenue resume ExpensesProfit is the money a business makes after accounting for all the expenses. no matter of whether the business is a couple of kids running a lemonade stand or a publicly traded multinational company, consistently earning profit is every companys goal.7.1 economical ProfitIn neoclassicalmicroeconomictheory, the termprofit has two related but distinct meanings.Normal profitrepresents the quantity chance costsof a venture to an investor, whereaseconomic profitis, at least in theneoclassical microeconomic theorywhich dominates modern economics, the difference between afirms totalrevenueand all costs (including normal profit). A related concept, sometimes considered synonymous in certain contexts, is that ofeconomic rent. Other types of profit have been referenced, includingsocial profit(related toexternalities). It is not to be manifold withprofit in finance and accounting, which is equal to revenue minus only explicit costs andsuper profit. Profit is not synonymous with the concepts of profitability and theprofit motive.7.2 Normal ProfitNormalprofit is a component of (implicit) costs and so not a component of business profit at all. It represents the opportunity cost for enterprise, since the time that the owner spends running the firm could be spent on running another firm. The enterprise component of normal profit is thus the profit that a business owner considers necessary to make running the business worth his while for example it is comparable to the next best amount the entrepreneur could earn doing another job. Particularly if enterprise is not included as afactor of production, it can also be viewed a return to capital for investors including the entrepreneur, tantamount(predicate) to the return the capital owner could have expected (in a safe investment), plus compensation for risk. In other words, the cost of normal profit varies both within and across industries it is commensurate with the riskiness associated with each type of investment, as per the risk-return spectrum. Only normal profits arise in circumstances ofperfect competitionwhen long runeconomic equilibriumis reached there is no incentive for firms to either enter or leave the industry.8.0 intelligence1. Cost Reductionby DesignHow to sign on Product Cost by DesignPracticeConcurrent Engineeringwith early and active participation of manufacturing, purchasing, vendors, etc.ImplementDesign for Manufacturability( DFM ),Design for extend, andDesign for partFor dramatic cost reduction half cost to order-of-magnitudeoptimize the concept/architecture phaseTo convert ideas, research or prototypes into viable products, use commercialization techniques to ensure successActivities Supportive to Low Cost Product DevelopmentCo-locating Engineering with Manufacturingensures the best teamwork avoid distantoff shoringIf outsourcing, choose local vendors which ensures early and active vendor participation in product development teamsPre-select Vendor/Partnerswho will help develop products, avoid low-bidding so that vendors will help with designImplementstandardizationand good product portfolio planning for the best focus gibe cost barsto quantify all costs affected by designCorrectingCounterproductive Policies. tender ventures and start-ups will be able to implement these principles right away. Established companies may have to first correctcounterproductive policies, by prioritizing portfolio planning, scrutinizing high-overhead sales, emphasizing perfect up-front work, quantifying all costs, and avoiding time-draining attempts toreduce cost after design, going for thelow-bidder, or woful production offshore. See fullarticle on counterproductive policies.2. course ProductionCost ReductionHow to Reduce Manufacturing CostImplement Lean ProductionActivities Supportive to Lean ProductionDesign product families for carry productionConcurrently Engineer flexible processesImplementstandardization to alterdock-to-line distributionRationalize products to eliminate the close to preposterous products with the most unusual split and processes sum up cost measurements to quantify all costs related to manufacturingKeep control of manufacturing in house or with vendor/partners.3. beltCost ReductionHow to Reduce Overhead CostImplementBuild-to-Orderand rush Customizationto build pro ducts on-demand without forecasts or inventoryActivities Supportive to Build-to-Order Mass CustomizationImplement take to the woods productionRationalize productsTotal cost measurementsto quantify overhead costs4.StandardizationCost ReductionHow to Reduce Cost with StandardizationImplement Standardizationwith a practical procedure has been developed to standardize part and materials for new designsActivities Supportive to StandardizationRationalize productsto eliminate or source the most unusual products that have the most unusual parts and materialsTotal cost measurementsto justify standardization efforts and encourage picking standard parts5.Product arguing RationalizationCost ReductionHow to Reduce Cost with Product Line RationalizationImplement Product Line Rationalizationto eliminate or outsource low-profit products that have high overhead demands and are not compatible with cost reduction strategiesActivities Supportive to Product Line RationalizationProduct Portfolio Plann ing focuses new product developmentTotal cost measurementsto identify opportunities and supports rationalization decisions6.Supply set up prudenceCost ReductionHow to Reduce Cost in Supply Chain ManagementDesign products around standard partsto simplify Supply Chain ManagementStandardize partsto focus Supply Chain Management on high-volume, easy to get partsRationalize away the most unusual productswhich have the most usual, hardest-to-get partsEstablish Vendor/Partnerships, which saves more money thanlow-biddingActivities Supportive to Supply Chain Cost ReductionTotal cost measurementsto encourage and justify standardization and rationalizationDont merge acquired products into the same plant or build others products7.Quality CostReductionHow to Reduce the Cost of QualityEliminating quality costs starts withdesigning in qualityRationalizing away unusual productsraises net factory quality and avoids wasting quality resources on inherently lower quality productsActivities Supportive to Quality Cost ReductionTotal cost measurements to quantify the Cost of Quality8.Total CostMeasurement to Support All Cost Reduction ActivitiesHow to Reduce Cost with Total Cost MeasurementsImplement total cost measurementwith the easy-to-implementcost driverapproachActivities Supportive to Total Cost MeasurementsUntil total cost can be quantified, everyone must make decisions based ontotal cost thinkingSenior management understands the importance of quantifying total cost, implements total cost measurements, and encourages all cost decisions to be make on basis of total cost9.0 CONCLUSIONAs conclusion we can said that, the objectives of this assignment have been achieved which is to understand how to be cost effective but yet meeting the ever increasing HSE requirement. The conclusion is made due to what I have done about this assignment, describe mighty about the problem required in this assignment. Cost becomes more important when competition increases and price becomes a diff erentiator in the market. Identifying the goal of the expense reduction exercise will assist with implementation of an effective plan. The purpose of expense reduction is to help the company towards long term survival.10.0 REFERENCES1 http//mydiposh.wordpress.com/tag/niosh-malaysia/2 http//www.niosh.com.my/en/3 http//www.pwc.com/gx/en/cost-reduction/index.jhtml4 http//www.the-cost-reduction-consultant.com/CostReduction.html5 http//www.nextlevelpurchasing.com/articles/cost-reduction-ideas.html?gclid6 http//www.halfcostproducts.com/

Barriers to Effective Communication in the Workplace

Barriers to Effective discourse in the Workplaceexecutive SummaryWorkplace business communicating is a study on the skills required that atomic number 18 important to relay information within an organization. Skills much(prenominal) as report writing, job applications, letters of intent, as head as meeting minutes be given a thorough research for the students to use it efficiently and properly when they enter into the workforce after graduation. get along research such as communication barriers, the communication operation, communication carry as well as how to overcome communication barriers, are analyse upon.Table of Contents (Jump to)IntroductionBarriers to Effective earshot and How to Overcome ItCommunication ProcessMess commission ReportApplication for Marketing administrator rearConclusions and RecommendationsBibliographyIntroductionWorkplace business communication has always go ab issue problems while a inwardness is being conveyed. The first task of the identi fication requires the generator to research on the barriers to earreach and how to overcome it. The task would overly require the writer to discuss upon past experience on problems that stir occurred along the communication attend and the lessons that the writer has learnt.The second task of the grant requires the writer to produce a report in an event of complaints towards the regimen in the cafeteria. The writer is excessively required to reply to an advertisement for a post as Marketing Executive for a consumer products comp any.Barriers to Effective Listening and How to Overcome ItThe communication process involves primarily the sender and the pass catcher and the subject matter that is supposed to be conveyed. More often than not, barriers to hard-hitting communication bear happen anywhere in the communication process model. Thus the writer is going to discuss about the barriers that occurs on the murderer side, which would be the barriers to effective earreach, a nd the methods to overcome it.There are four main barriers to effective listening, namely, physiological, environmental, attitudinal, and socio-cultural barriers. physiological barriers are barriers that involve the human body of the meeter. A direct physical exertion would be partial deafness, deaf in ane ear or damaged eardrums, which impart then impair the listeners energy to fully understand the message that is being conveyed. Thus a listening aid ability be required to assist the listener, in station for effective communication to be carried out. It is also the listeners responsibility to understand the limits of the hearing aid, such as having discussions in a quieter place, so that external noises would not make a motion the hearing aid from malfunction.Environmental barriers are external influences that might affect the listening process and lead to misinterpreting a message because some words cannot be heard due to gimcrack noises. That is why in a construction site, there is always a cabin set aside as a site piece to hold any meetings regarding the construction that has been going on. The engineer has to be briefed on while walking throughout the whole construction site, but any queries or instructions from the engineer would have to be done in the site office to prevent miscommunication.Attitudinal barriers are barriers that are from the listeners attitude, which is the most common cause of most listening barriers. The listener might disrupt the communication process, such as lack of empathy, easily distracted, profuse talking, fear of being wrong, emotional, and constantly interrupting the speaker, stems from one persons attitude. Correcting ones attitude requires clipping, so long as the listener maintains a high level of professionalism, calmness and self-control, attitudinal barriers would not affect the communication process badly.Last but not least, socio-cultural barriers exist due to the fact that globalization is very common in any organizations whereby the workforce consists of personnel from alone walks of life. Examples of such barriers are language barriers and prejudice, may it be towards gender, race, religion or nationality. The yet way to solve this is to learn, understand and respect the differences that exist between any cultures, religion or race.The writer understands that barriers can exist in a listener, not just physically or mentally, but also externally and differences between cultures. Even so, as long as the listener can accept the physical and mental barriers that might exist and change to it, while being vigilant towards receiving the message thoroughly, there would be a highly effective listening session that will not agree the integrity of the message that is intended to be passed on.Communication ProcessThe communication process model is make up of five main parts, the sender, the message, the channel, the receiver and the feedback. Simply put, the sender is the source of th e information, which will then be converted into a message, such as electronic mail, formal letter or SMS. indeed the appropriate channel will be used to deliver the message, for example, e-mail would require the internet, a letter might need postal go and SMS would require a tele echo service provider. The receiver would receive the message via any channel end-points such as a computer or a hand phone, and would decipher the message, understand the information provided and produce a feedback, which will then trigger the whole communication process, albeit in the icy direction.The writer feels that problems can arise anywhere along the communication process model, especially in the channel section. This is because in the channel section, external influences will affect the communication process and it is out of the capabilities of both sender and receiver to correct it on the spot. There is one time where the writer uses the phone to convey a message to his employer, but the lin e was not so clear and the message has been interpreted wrongly. There is also a time whereby the employer couriered a package to another company, relying on the one day obstetrical delivery due to urgency, but the package was lost in mail for devil whole days before it got delivered.The writer has learnt that depending on other passel to get a job done is a risky affair, and would affect the credibility of ones work. The writer conceives that it is better to reconfirm the travel that are made while delivering a message and use triple channels to send a message, so that it can minimize problems that might occur along the way.Mess Committee ReportTitle Concerns Regarding Cafeteria and solid foodIntroduction There have been several(prenominal) complaints in regards of the cleanliness of the cafeteria as well as the food that are being served, its quality and its variety.Findings According to several students, foods that are served in the morning will not be changed for the eat as long as there are leftovers from the previous session. Foods are mostly fried items and lack of healthy alternatives. There seem to have no proper queue lines and shouting for an order seems to be the only way to get food.Mrs. Jennifer Conley, the representative of the food servers of the cafeteria, states that the limited funding has made the servers resort to sell fried frozen food items to meet with the cipher allocated to them. With regards to the lack of systematic approach towards food purchasing by the students, it is out of their power to maintain control and discipline outside the boundaries of their stall.Recommendations The Mess Committee recommends that the school should run a donation drive to upgrade facilities in the cafeteria and erect some barriers and relocation of tables and settings in order for the students to move near effectively.The Committee would also wish the school would allocate a high(prenominal) budget so that students can get access to a higher variety of foods rather than just fried options and steamed vegetables.Prepared by Lee Kar ShingDate 12 August 2014Application for Marketing Executive PostGS Global Frozen Foods,HR Department284 Glensbury Road,32655 Hoppers Crossing,Melbourne,Victoria,AUSTRALIAAttn Ms Julia AndersonAPPLICATION FOR trade EXECUTIVE POSTDear Ms Anderson,My name is Kenny Lee Kar Shing and I would like to answer to the job posting that was displayed on the MX newspaper Classifieds (dated 12th August 2014). In the posting, you have mentioned three criteria which I believe I am qualified as stated below.5 long time Working ExperienceBibliographyhttp//www.cliffsnotes.com/more-subjects/principles-of-management/communication-and-interpersonal-skills/the-communication-processhttp//businesscasestudies.co.uk/building-societies-association/the-importance-of-effective-communication/the-communication-process.htmlaxzz38IYQUcF0http//faculty.ksu.edu.sa/drfahad/Articles/Communication%20Process.pdfhttp//www.skillsyou need.com/ips/barriers-communication.htmlhttp//www.skillsyouneed.com/general/what-is-communication.htmlhttp//www.nationalforum.com/Electronic%20Journal%20Volumes/Lunenburg,%20Fred%20C,%20Communication%20Schooling%20V1%20N1%202010.pdfhttp//www.slideshare.net/forckren/5-barriers-to-effective-communicationhttp//www.marin.edu/buscom/index_files/Page565.htmhttp//opin.ca/article/seven-barriers-communicationhttp//www.enotes.com/homework-help/what-barriers-communication-organization-73877http//www.yourarticlelibrary.com/business-communication/4-different-types-of-barriers-to-effective-communication/1004/listening barriershttp//www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/ineffective-listening.htmlhttp//www.brighthubpm.com/resource-management/122339-effective-listening-10-barriers-and-how-to-overcome-them/Workplace Business CommunicationPage 1

Effect of Gender Equality in the Economy

Effect of Gender comparison in the EconomyMichael .O. Sanni scheme in that location is a positive correlativity between sexual urge par with respect to scotch teaching.My Initial HypothesisIn the labour party market, one may assume that a rsum and credentials are the only significant factor impart to securing a job in an organization, but that proves to be wrong peculiarly for women. increase job opportunities and decent work for women is essential for growth that brisk for advancing social and economic development (ADB, 2003).After careful notification of countries where social, behavioral, and cultural attributes are the criteria by which individuals performance is evaluated. I wondered whether or not gender comparability had an effect on how nearly up a countrys parsimoniousness is ontogenesis. Based on the psychic representation of what we know and expect about girls and women, we tend to be deflect in our perception of female persons being less intelligent, under-skilled and not being sly enough to par film in economic activities. If employers pick up this type of mindset, I am curious to know under what circumstances gender par affects the development of a countrys economy.The Empirical take the standThere are numerous factors that determine the social and economic development of a soil, one of which is gender comparison. It is a critical component of economic development, it is a basic right that does not need economic vindication. Gender divergence proves to be the causes of poverty in the society as a whole. all the same gender equality has broad and positive implications for social and economic development.A number of studies have attempted to establish a positive correlativity between them.Kuznets (1995) thesis regarding a curvilinear relationship between economic development and inequality, propose that economic development and gender equality overly exhibit a non-monotonic relationship, marked by three phases. Econom ic development should improve gender equality in the first phase in the second phase equality increases or decline slightly and in the third phase, it should rise again ( easterlyin Prakash, 2012).Every sphere of a nation affect the economy directly or indirectly, take for instance equality in the educational sector. Hill and King (1993) estimated that the correlation between female education and the gender gap in primary and secondary adjustment on gross domestic product (GDP) per capita between 1975 and 1985 is statistically and economically significant. Countries with a lower level of inequality have higher gross national product compare with similar countries that have a higher level of gender inequality. Which means the much equality we have in a country the greater the impact on the economy development.Breaking the barriers of inequality in education matters instrumentally, because greater equality contribute to economic efficiency, achievement and former(a) key development al outcomes. Human capital is define as the skill, association and physical capacity that allows the labor force to be economically productive. Increasing educational opportunities for women offers them the freedom to accumulate greater skills and expertise in the labor force and thus raise the potential for economic development. More so, women who are learned can undertake valuable economic activities. Abu-Ghaida and Klasen (2002) further provides empirical reseach indicating that a country failing to close the gender gap in education could experience a decrease in per capita income by 0.1 to 0.3 fate points. Countries are rarely wealthy if they have poor gender equality in education.It has become widely understood that promoting gender equality is all important(p) for of an effective economic and human development strategy. According to creation bank(2013) education community have come to understand that development policies and actions that fail to take gender inequality into account and fail to address gap between males and females go forth have limited effectiveness and serious cost implications.The touch of development may also lead to the adoption of institutions that favor gender equality. For example, if women are given the chance to insert in various sectors of the economy such as agriculture, can help put an end to gender discrimination barrier to improve agricultural productivity. Breaking the obstacles of unequal distributions of resources, including reliance extension, labor, and fertilizer that leads to inefficiencies which lower yields and profits and markedly reduces incomes in some countries. This is for the most part true for low-income countries, notably sub-Saharan Africa, where agriculture makes up a elephantine proportion of the total economy and where a large number of women participate in this sector.Gender equality will provide educational and utilisation opportunities for women which will help in alleviating poverty and hu nger. More so, children who receive to a greater extent education are likely to profit to a greater extent, but girls typically derive more from extra education than boys according to Psacharapoulos Patrinos, (2002). In many developing countries, this benefit seems greater from secondary and tertiary education than from primary education. Women will also receive higher wages from entering the formal sector than from the agricultural sector, implying that expanding these opportunities for women will further alleviate poverty (Kingdon Soderbom, 2007). The accessible of wellness care and antenatal health care services will be easier for educated women and those in employment, thus reducing child mortality grade also has an impact on economic development.My Current OpinionMy supposal was supported.After reading the empirical evidence regarding the effect gender equality has on economic development, I believe it is critical to societal be on both socially and economically. We live in a male-dominated world, but to entertain economic growth, alleviate poverty and provide a better ensample of living, both male and female have their roles to play, and we need to have a shift in our thinking. Feminist have argued that women and men are natural with equal human capacity to learn, develop, and contribute to shaping the world. In 1995 more than 47,000 women and men participated in the creation of the Beijing Declaration and the weapons platform for Action. The Platform clearly stated that the empowerment of women and gender equality were critical to planetary development, peace, and human right.Investing in women education as Lawrence Summers (1992) says, may well be the highest return investment available in the developing world. Creating opportunities for girls and women to acquire knowledge has reduced the gender gap in approximately all countries. In secondary education, these gaps are closing rapidly and have reversed in many countries, especially in Lati n America, the Caribbean, and East Asia. Among developing countries, girls now outnumber boys in secondary schools in 45 countries and there are more young women than men in universities in 60 countries (ADR 2012). Empowering women as economic, political, and social stand-in characters can change constitution choices and make institutions more representative of a range of voices. In India for instance, tolerant power to women at the local level led to increases in the provide of public goods, and basic social amenities which mattered more to women (ADR 2012).The mismanagement of womens skills and talent comes at a high economic cost, gender equality can have large impacts on productivity. Women now represent a majority of the global labor force, 43 percent of the agricultural workforce, and more than half of the worlds university students. Womens skills and talents should be engaged in activities that make the best use of those abilities, for an economy to be functioning at its o ptimum capacity.ReferencesDoepke, M., and M. Tertilt. 2010. Does Female Empowerment Promote Economic Development? chicken feed Working Paper 281, Bureau for Research and Economic Analysis of Development. 20Dollar, D., and Gatti, R. 1999. Gender, Inequality, Income, and ripening Are Good Times Good for Women? Background base for Engendering Development. World Bank, majuscule, D.C.Klasen, S., and Lamanna, F. 2009. The Impact of Gender Inequality in Education and occupation on Economic Growth New Evidence for a gameboard of Countries. Feminist Economics 15 (3) 91-132World Bank. 2011. World Development publish 2012 Gender Equality and Development. Washington DC The World Bank.Munshi, K., and Rosenzweig, M. 2006. Traditional Institutions go out the Modern World Caste, Gender, and Schooling Choice in a Globalizing Economy. American Economic Review 96 (4) 1225-52.Klasen, S. 1999. Does Gender Inequality Reduce Growth and Development? Evidence from Cross-Country Regressions. Backgrou nd paper for Engendering Development, World Bank, Washington D.C.Klasen, S. 2002. Low Schooling for Girls, Slower Growth for All? Cross-Country Evidence on the Effect of Gender Inequality in Education on Economic Development. World Bank Economic Review 16 (3) 345-73Hill, A., and E. King. 1993. Womens education in developing countries an overview in Womens Education in Developing Countries. Ed. Elizabeth M. King and M. Anne Hill, 1-50. Baltimore, MD The John Hopkins University Press.Bertocchi, G. 2008. The enfranchisement of women and the welfare State. centralize for Economic Research (RECent) 018, University of Modena and Reggio E., Dept. of Economics.

The Relationship Between Political Democracy And Economic Growth Economics Essay

The Relationship Between Political Democracy And sparing harvest-tide Economics EssayThe serviceman kind in the midst of policy-making nation and stinting product has been a center of paper in the past l years. A corpus of cross- acres query has sh possess that the theoretical divide on the impact of classless versus haughty regimes on ripening is matched by indeterminate trial-and-error results, resulting in a consensus of an inconclusive kind. Through this written report ch anyenges this consensus. In contrast to the current consensus, we show that in one case the microscope of depth psychology is utilise to the put in cause, it is possible to draw several firm and robust conclusions regarding nation and frugal maturation.Supporter of state ask that the motivations of citizens to work and invest, the pictureive all(a)ocation of resources in the foodstuffplace, and profit maximizing private activity weed all be maintained in a climate of liberty, put down-apart-flowing teaching and secured control of situation ( North, 1990). Democracies can limit enounce intervention in the economy, ar responsive to publics demands on atomic number 18a much(prenominal) as education, justice and health, and encourage motionless and pertinacious run ripening (Rodrik, 1999, Lake and Baum 2001, Baum and Lake 2003). Opponents of land, on the other hand, argue that democracies work themselves to pop demand for immediate consumption at the expense of useful investments, can non be insulated from the interest of rent-seekers, and cannot mobilize resource swiftly. Democracies argon said in addition to be prone to contradicts due to amicable, ethnic and mark struggles. piece slightly authors favor sniffy regime to exterminate troths, resist sectional interests and seize coercive measures necessary for rapid harvest-feast, others remain overall doubting on whether regimes, rather than food markets and institutions, mat ter for emergence (Bhagwati 1995).Actually, thither are millions of journal articles on the internet regarding to the topic of state and frugal offshoot, and in order to redeem those articles, Google scholars and others journal websites are utilise to d testifyload those to evince. Moreover, I use the snowball technic to keep on trace of the take up sources. For example, when I found the go around source, I look at its references, and then I followed the old references or foot notes of each(prenominal) scoop up source to make it much best sources. Since some journals are not loosen for download, I somehow take on to spend money on the journal website in order to get the sources. Moreover, in term of getting best sources from the Google or Google scholar, I typed the exactly the key words of the topic of question. For instance, instead of using stinting festering, I can use stinting culture, or Gross nation products of each nation. What is more, in order to limi t the number of sources on the net, I habituate the quotation mark, plus sign, or equal sing around the word risking. Importantly, even on that signify are a lot of website that can abide the best convincing information regarding to the topic, I still looked and priority on the famous websites before selecting the sources.Meanwhile of the finding and selecting the best sources, I scanned all the sources to get the overall stems-what those resources mean to the readers, and in specific skill of selecting the best sources, I just looked the abstract part, and jumped to the conclusion. By doing that, I can beautiful sure that I can comprehend what the papers want to be told. Then, I look at those finding, methodologies, limitation, and discussion sections to poll, find the personnel and liteness, and to dilettante them in the pay off ways. Of course, even the general knowledge of the lookers seem to be so gamyer than me, and in order to critic them, I sine qua non to re ad what the fallacy of the research are. For example, some researchers might give their own judgments which cannot be applied in some extend, and some analyzed tho in the present by ignoring the past.Beside this, in order to produce this paper, kickoff of all, I need to do a lot of extensive tuition on the found sources to select the best source. During the reading, I besides quoted regarding to the bow which I was prepared on the judgment of conviction of writings re earning. Once I had done all the reading, I started to type all the important information to each be wanting theme or coding, then I read those information which came from many disparate scholars to get the common sense of idea on one special(prenominal) point, so by doing it back and fore with a serious attention, Finally, I can produce this research paper which can summary all the main ideas of the existed sources. in that respectfore, this paper presents an analysis on the commonwealth-growth relationshi p, based on 10 published studies. It is an important step to addressing the dead-end street on the commonwealth growth relationship. The literature need such as urgent comprehensive assessment on the issue in the enkindle of massive democratisations for many developing countries. Re panoramas of this literature and many authors who have contributed to it, state that the association is inconclusive. Faced with a diverse set of conflicting results, they are unable to conclude whether the association is authoritative, negative or non-existent. We find that once all the available licence is considered, holding research design differences constant, the evidence does not point to republic having a detrimental impact on growth. Moreover, this critic paper impart be able to conclude that the mental picture is not inconclusive. There is, indeed, a nonentity direct egress of democracy on growth. Second, democracy has a significant dogmatic validatory put up on growth through human cracking accumulation. In addition, democracies are associated with dismount inflation, put downd political instability and high levels of economical freedom. However, in that respect is some evidence that they are associated to a fault with larger government and more restrictive international trade. Third, in that respect are region-specific raises on the democracy-growth relationship. Particularly, the growth cause of democracy are higher in Latin the States and Lower in Asia. This research paper also that much of the play in results between studies does not reflect veritable underlying differences in the democracy-growth association Rather it is owing to either sampling misunderstanding or the research design cognitive process.Raresh Kumar Narayan and Russell Smyth. Democracy and economic growth China point from counteraction and causality testing. Review of Applied economics, Vol. 2, No, 1, (2006) 81-89 To examine the relationship between the democracy and e conomic growth in the peoples Republic of China over the last triple decades. Actually, China represents an interesting case in the debate over the relationship between the democracy and growth. This landing field was used the little(a) and long run strength of democracy on the china within a production persist framework by following the methods of error correction mechanism, and husbandman Causality tests-testing between the labor and capital, and most studies by economist have tested for correlation between democracy and economic growth and have failed to adequately address the issue of causation, and using the Granger causality tests to explore the sums of shocks of democracy and economic growth beyond the sample plosive consonant through the use of variance decomposition analysis and impulse response functions. While labor and capital can define the core relationship between democracy and economic growth, real gross interior(prenominal) product and income of people ar e also the factors, and this analyze found out the democratization in China is impossible, and it can be true since the China never experience of be democracy. Moreover, economic growth of china is not because of democracy theories, but its own political culture, and its own indigenous development model. Meanwhile, real income and real gross domestic product of each nations are also the factors for democracy growth too.Actually, harmonise to Paresh Kumar Narayan, and Russell Smyth. (2007), who conducted the similar studies, examined the relationship between the democracy and economic growth in 30 Sub-Saharan African counties, attendanted the Lipset hypothesis. This ascertain used the real GDP Granger to explore the cause of democracy and an increase in GDP results in an improvement in democracy. In the long run democracy Granger causes real income and an increase in democracy has a irrefutable effect on real income, which is found for Bostwana with the freedome entrust data and for Madagascare, Rwanda, South Africa, and Swaziland.However, Hristos Doucouliagos and Mehment Ulubasoglu.( 2006). Democracy and Economic egress A Meta-Analysis. tame Working paper-economic series 2006 Deakin University. This research paper is to explore the inconclusive relationship through a quantitative assessment of the democracy growth literature and use meta- lapsing as the methodology to analysis by collecting all the existed literature review to conclude the impact of democracy on economic. The strength point of this battleground was that this study concerned many variable at the same time. For example, it looked beyond the theories, the democracy in the past and the present, and so on.In addition, Elias Papaioannou and Gregorios Siourounis. (2004). Democratization and Growth. Job market paper London business school. This research study challenges the empirical finding that democratic institution has direct effect on economic growth by using the before-after event st udy onrush, and controlling the permanent democratization in the specific time. The strength of this study is that it study the long trend, omit the unrelevent variable, and observe the change from one time to other time of the variable affecting the democracy, but the weakness of this research article was that it didnt distinguish between different types of autocracy for example left(a) or right wing dictatorship and democracy -presidential or parliamentary.Noam, L and Kanta, Murali. ( 2009). Does economic development explain democratic development?. Annual coming upon at the Midwest political science association. This study explore the relationship between economic and democracy by using the modernization theories to analysis, and sight those change over time. The finding of this study seems to be able to apply for the new current democracy outline, but it lacked of concerning about the democratization process in the past. This research study have found out the when at that place is economic growth, the democratization process will come as nearly, and according to my perspective, this assumption can be true since when one country has a high economic growth, that nation will prioritize on the domestic affair, freedom and the growth rate of the middle class. Moreover, the longer period of time, on that point will be positive effect of democracy, democratization growth, and economic development.Christian. H. ( 2010). Inequality, Economic development and democratization. University of Rochester. This research concerned about the inequality, income distribution of the economic vault of heaven and took that variable to analyze the relationship between democracy and economic growth. However, this study focused on two theories-modernization and inequality theories, which was quite similar to Noam, L and Kanta, Murali. ( 2009). The strength assumption of this study was that when there is economic growth, autocracies more or less will change their political s ystem as well in some extend, but this assumption also failed since some plenteous autocracies are not more likely to become democratic ( Przeworski and Limongi 1997 Prazewoki et al. 2000). Moreover, this study concluded that democracy inequality harms democratization. Of course, in the case of some nations, when there is class tension-between the level of middle class, there will be social clash, which lead to autocratic state more than democracy. What is more, this study fail to analyze other variable beside income inequality since economic crisis, the complexity of democracy system are also the cause of authoritarian shift.The availability of data and econometric techniques enables all the researchers to investigate these issues empirically. However, the empirical findings span a continuum of negative, insignificant and positive images, creating a conundrum. For instance, the distribution of results that we have compiled from 470 regression estimates from 10 democracy-growth st udies shows that 16% of the estimates are negative and statistically significant, 20% of the estimates are negative and statistically insignificant, 38% of the estimate are positive and statistically insignificant, and 26% of the estimates are positive and statistically significant. This can be implied that three-quarters of the regressions have not been able to find the desired positive and significant sign. It also implies that around half(a) of the regression models have found statistically significant estimates while the other half found statistically insignificant estimates. Such different results are not surprising because research question posed are narrow and approach the issue from different dimensions. For instance, while certain studies focus on the physical investment channel between democracy and growth, others look at the human capital or political instability channels. Likewise, certain studies present geomorphologic estimates of a well-defined model, whereas other focus on the empirical regularities in the data. Thus, the question is perplexed with a continuum of estimates, which differ due to data sources, estimate methodologies, sample composition, and time periods.The structure of this paper will be followed by the brief review of the key theoretical arguments behind a democracy-growth association, the effect of democracy on economic, the effect of economic on democracy, and conclusion of the research paper.Theoretical ArgumentsTraditional perspectiveDoes political democracy cause the economic growth? To Hobbes (1651), absolutist regimes were more likely to improve public wellbeing s intend because they could not promote their own interests otherwise. Similarly, Huntington (1968) also argues that democracies have weak and fragile political institutions and lend themselves to popular demands at the expense of productive investments. Democratic governments are vulnerable to demands for redistribution to lower-income groups, and are surrou nded by rent-seekers for outright unproductive profit-seeking activities (Krueger 1974, Bhagwati 1982). Non-democratic regimes can implement the hard economic policies necessary for growth, and suppress the growth-retarding demands of low-income earners and labor in general, as well as social instabilities because of ethnic, religious, and class struggles, and Democracies cannot suppress such conflicts. In term of economic progress, markets should come prime(prenominal) and authoritarian regimes can more or less easily aid such policies. Moreover, some level of development is a pre-requisite for democracy to function properly ( Lipsets 1959 hypothesis). In short, this view implies that political democracy is a best product that cannot be afforded by developing countries. Other proponents of the conflict view and stricter state command on the economy accept Galenson (1959), Andreski (1968), Huntington and Dominguez (1975), Rao (19884-5) and Haggard (1990).The conflict view became more debatable after the growth success stories in South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore in the 1950s and 1960s. The argument rest on several assumptions, the main one of which is that if given power, authoritarian regimes would behave in a growth-friendly manner. In that regard, server contrasting cases are provided where dictators pursued their own welfare and failed in Africa and the Socialist humanity ( de Haan and Sirermann 1995, Alesina et al. 1996).Proponents of democracy, on the other hand, argue that reignrs are potential looters (Harrington 1656) and democratic institutions can act to constrain them. most of the assumptions of the conflict view can be refuted with undecomposed reasons. Implementation of the rule of law, contract enforcement and protection property rights do not necessarily imply an authoritarian regime. In addition, Bhagwati (1995) argues that democracies rarely engage in military conflict with each other, and this promotes world peace and econo mic growth. They are also more likely to provide less volatile economic performance. Finally, de Haan and Siermann (1995) note that a strong state and an authoritarian state are not the same thing. However, markets can deliver growth under both(prenominal) democratic and authoritarian regimes.The modern perspectiveActually, the political democracy-growth can be seen more detailed and focused today. Theory has moved away from traditional conflict with compatibility arguments, because different aspects of the broader institutions-growth problem have been identified. For instance, many researchers have separated economic democracy from political democracy. Factors like protection of property rights, business, credit and labor market regulation, which were previously attributed to political democracy, are now being treated as part of economic democracy. Analysis of economic freedom indicators from the Fraser institute ( by Gwartney and Lawson 1996, 2000, 2003) and the heritage Foundat ion ( by ODriscoll et al. 2003) has shown that economic freedom, with also its other aspects, is evenly relevant to growth. Recently, the world bank introduced the Doing Business aspect of institutions problem. In particular Djankov et al ( 2002a, 200b, 2005), Djankov, McLeish and Shleifer (2005), and Botero et al (2004) benchmarked business regulations and quantified the easiness of private sectors activity in the economics based on labor hiring and firing practices ease of starting, registering and remnant business protecting investors and enforcing contracts and dealing with license and paying taxes.At this point one may feel that dissecting these aspect from political democracy reduce its scope to multi-party and free election only. Of course, political democracy is more than free and fair elections. First, empirical evidence shows that all the aspects of the institutions made precise above, i.e., economic democracy, governance and private sphere in the economy have high corr elations with political democracy. In other words, the mere existence of participatory democracy implies the broader institutions conducive to growth.Secondly, various studies find that political democracy has enormous indirect effects on growth through human capital accumulation, income distribution, and political stability. In addition, Sturn and de Haan (2001) find that the presence of democracy in a country positively affects the level of economic freedom. Thus, on the question of political democracy and growth, one should remember the broader associations that encompass the channels, or the indirect effects, between democracy and growth rather than one to one causation from regime to growth.Thirdly, as Bhagwati( 1995) and Rodrik (2000) point out, democracies provide higher quality growth through various path. Rodirk puts it in the following way participatory democracies enable a higher-quality growth by allowing greater predictability and stability in the long run, by being stronger against external shocks, and by delivering better distributional outcomes. Democratic institutions would help market function perfectly, as is assumed in neoclassical economic models. As an extension to such argument, the volatility channel has also been shown to be an important indirect effect of democracy on growth. Non democratic regimes are not a homogenous lot ( de Haan and Siermann, 1995, Alesina et al. 1996, Alesina and Perotti 1994), whereas democracies are more homogenous and can provide stable economic progress.Effect of democracy on GrowthSirowy and Inkeless (1990) suggest that there are three major views on the effects of democracy on growth with their label the conflict, and the compatibility and the skeptical. The conflict thesis suggests that democracy and economic growth are incompatible because elected officals longing for popular approval make shortsighted decisions designed to maximize whose objective is to vary resources from productive activities in fav or of immediate consumption. Related arguments are that democracy is less conducive to long term stability (world Bank, 1991, pp. 132-133) or long term development ( Barro, 1996) because of the tendency in majority voting systems to order rich to poor redistribution of income including land reforms.On the other hand, the compatibility thesis proffers that democratic features such as political pluralism, institutional checks and balances and freedom of the press provide safeguards against system abuse or predatory behavior often associated with authoritarian regimes. Friedman (1962) was one of the first to suggest that economic and political freedoms are reciprocally reinforcing. He postulated that an expansion in political freedom fosters economic freedoms such as secure property rights and certainty of contract, which, in turn, underpin higher rates of economic growth. As Barro( 1996) argues, of course there is nothing in principle preventing non-democratic governments from promot ing economic freedoms. Examples of autocracies which have increased economic freedom include the Pinochet regime in chile and the Fujimora government in Peru. The point, though, made by advocates of the compatibility thesis is democracy is more likely to be conducive to promoting economic freedoms than authoritarianism because the political legitimacy and therefore long term survival of the fittest of a democracy depends on maintaining economic rights.The third perspective, which is the skeptical view, suggests there is no systematic relationship between democracy and economic growth. While it might generally be true that there is more economic freedom under a democracy than an autocracy, there is no tell it will be at an optimum ( Esposto and Zaleski. 1999). Even in a democracy there will be those whose aims is to challenges the private property emplacement quo if it is in their best interests, and because of the very nature of a democracy they will have more opportunities to do so( Przewoki and Limongi, 1993).However, the empirical evidence on the three perspectives in not clear-cut. Sirowry and inkeles( 1990) review thirteen studies of which, six supported the skeptical view, four suggested qualified or conditional relationships, and three provided unconditional support for the conflict perspective. In a later survey, Brunetti ( 1997) reviewed 17 empirical studies of the democracy-growth relationship. He found ( at p. 167) nine studies report no relationship, one study a positive, one study a negative, three studies a fragile negative relationship and three studies a fragile positive relationship between democracy and economic growth. Helliwell (1994), Barro (1996) and Tavares and Waczing (2001) found that democracy has either a non-significant or moderately weak negative effect on growth once other growth-determining variables are held constant. On the basis of the mixed findings in the literature, a reasonable conclusion is that We do not know whether democracy fosters or hinders growth (Przewoki and Limongi, 1993, P.64). However, as a provision to this, the balance of empirical evidence is with the conflict and skeptical views rather than the compatibility view.Effect of growth on DemocracyPolitical scientists have examined the effect of the economic growth on democracy. Most studies have found that economic growth generates demands for political right ( Lipset, 1959 Bollen, 1979 Bollen and Jackman, 1985 Burkhart and Lewis-Beck, 1994). At one level, casual empiricism seems to also support the view that economic growth promotes democracy. As Gupta et al. ( 1998, pp. 589-590) note, all of the developed, industrialized nations have a democratic political system. In contrast, most of the nations in the poorest segment of the world community operate under various forms of non-democratic political system. However, This is not ture in a blanket sense. Casual observation also suggests that economic growth does not necessarily bring ab out a demand for democracy. There are examples of authoritarian regimes in Southeast Asia and the Middle East where citizens are willing to forego demand for political liberalization provided their economic needfully are being met.In these instance there is a good argument that it is only when the authoritarians government stops delivering on the economic antecedent that there are calls for more political rights. An example is the fall of the Suharto regime in Indonesia following the Asian financial crisis when spiraling inflation and unemployment prevented Suharto from delivering in the economic sphere. Glasure et al. ( 1999) obtain results that are consistent with this view. Their finding suggest that in developing countries and newly industrializing countries economic development has a significant effect on democratic performance, but contrary to Lipest( 1959) economic development leads to lower levels of democracy. Glasure et al. ( 1999, p. 475) conclude The sign reversal may stem from the possibility that as nations strive for economic development, the nations tend to trade off democracy for economic developmentDiscussion of the resultsIn the result using the Freedom family line dataset, Botswana stands out as the one country where there is support for both the compatibility and Lipset hypothese, i.e. there is Granger causality between democracy and real GDP in the long run, and democracy and real GDP have a positive effect on each other. The results using the Beck et al. (2001) dataset confirm long haul Granger causality running from GDP to democracy and the GDP has positive effect on democracy. The democracy growth is well established in Botswana. The OECD (1999, p.29) posited Political stability has result fromfavorable economic conditions. While this is true, Botswanas economic success has also been built on democratic tradition in which there are no narrow ethnic-based interest groups with distinct means of expression, which has avoided infightin g over baseball diamonds and other political issue (Wiseman, 1990).Of course, Botswana has been described as an African success story ( Acemoglu et al., 2001) with the highest growth rate of any country in the world between 1960 and 1999. From 1965 to 1973 Bostswanas annual rate of growth of GDP was 14.8% which was the highest in the world except for the high income oil rich Oman (21.9%). From 1973 to 1984 Botswanas annual growth rate was 10.7% which was the highest in the world, outstripping Asian Tigers, Hong Kong (9.1%) and Singapore ( 8.2%) (World Bank, 1986). Between 1980 and 1990 Botswana grew at 11%, also the highest in the world over this period, with China second at 10.3% per annum. From 1990 to 2003 Botswanas growth slowed to 5.2% but was still in the top dozen countries in the World Bank world Development indicators list of countries over this period (World Bank, 2005). Botswana is one of only a few African countries with a democratic tradition (Wiseman, 1990). It has ha d continuous democracy since obtaining independence in 1996. The discovery of diamond mines has facilitated economic growth, but there is more to Botswanas success than simply having big natural resources. There is universal agreement that the Botswana government has used the tax revenue from diamonds to pursue good policies (See e.g Acemoglu et al., 2001).ConclusionThe aim of this paper was to review the roll up evidence on the impact of the democracy on economic growth. be studies and authors of primary studies have drawn inferences from only a limited set of information and have failed to reach a decisive conclusion. In contrast, I apply analysis, critic to the pool of 6 studies with 10 published estimates of the democracy-growth associations, and are able to draw other variables conclusions. This in line with Bhagwatis (1995) prediction that democracy does not handicap development. Second, while the direct effect is found to be Zero, this research papers result indicates tha t democracy has significant indirect effects on growth through various channels. In particular, this study also finds that democracy has a favorable impact on human capital formation, on the level of economic freedom, inflation and political instability. However, This study also find that democracy is associated with greater government spending and less free international trade. Third, while there is no evidence of a democracy-growth effect for all countries combined all together, there are clear regional effects. The available evidence suggests that democracy has a larger effect on economic growth in Latin America, and that this is lower in Asia. Moreover, it appears that there is country-specific effect like China. Fourth, by comparing the democracy-growth association to research conducted elsewhere on the economic freedom growth assocaiton( Doucouliagos and Ulubasoglu 2006), we find that democracys direct effect on growth is zero, while economic freedom has a positive direct effe ct.In short, this research paper conclude that the empirical evidence that has accumulate over the past 40 years points to a zero direct effect on growth and significant direct effects on growth through factor accumulation, economic freedom, inflation and openness, with an unfortunate effect through government spending. The net effect is that democracy does not harm economic performance.This analysis paper can be applied to other dimension of democracy. For example, the links between democracy and the level of development rather than growth, the channels through which democracy impacts on both growth and development, as well as the determinants of democracy, are all promising areas for forthcoming research analysis to make more inclusive result.

Weakness In Corporate Governance And Lack Of Transparency Accounting Essay

impuissance In Corporate Governance And Lack Of Transp bency Accounting experimentWeakness in corporate presidential term and lack of transparency are considered ca examples of the Asian m itary crisis. (Wan et al 2010 ). The corporate scandals happened in the early 2000s urged regulators close to the world to suit the medicine to illness of the global pecuniary stability by institute CG reforms. For instance, the Combined engrave and the Sarbanes-Oxley Act were then introduced and enacted in UK and US respectively. As an international financial and business hub, Hong Kong is bound to propose its share of the sweeping impact of the Asian financial crisis and the scandals. Hong Kong Stock sub determined to introduce the encrypt of CG effective from 2005, with similar provisions on financial disclosures in the world. Most of the studies employ US and UK info indicated that the character reference of corporate presidential term practices has improved when firms comply wi th the provisions of the code. A sketch conducted by a search team headed by Professor Stephen Cheung in Hong Kong generated a consistent go away with those studies it indicated that the CG standard of Hong Kong listed firms had been improved obviously in 2005.2.1.3. Earning ManagementWhile regulators aware the issues about CG subsequently the scandals, the confidence of investors rough the world who rely on the reported lettuce on the financial statement to make their investment decisions have been significantly shaken. Earnings is always the most crucial indicator to evaluate how a firm performs. EM refers to manipulation of a firms net through direct or verifying accounting methods to achieve a desired train and that does not confer the economic reality to mislead FS users about the corporate performance or gaining self-interest. In short, the practices of EM deter the credibility of financial reporting. at that place is heaps of empirical researches evidence that go od CG improve the transparency of the lineament financial reporting which provides more decision-useful information to investors regardless of the geographical location of the listed company. almost of GCG mechanisms include the existence of unaffiliated lineup of managers, scrutinise military commission, no chief executive officer duality, no Top Share (controlling shareholder), and shareholders coalition in order to prospect controlling shareholder. ( Werner R. Murhadi 2009).2.1.4. The unique features of Hong Kong Firms.A global code of CG should not be applied as a standard among the world attributed to the unique settings of from each one jurisdiction. It is important for regulators and analysts to understand the unique features and regional conditions affect the incentive of managing simoleons and the reporting pure tone. in that respectfore, Most of the researches have through with(p) to investigate the relationship amidst the CG practices and EM with US entrop y, only a few o f them analyses about the issues in other regions. An assumption that a same result go forth be concluded when analyzing HK information is doubtful. The widely acknowledged family self-will assiduity characteristic of HK listed firms is still considered as the major contributor of the misfortune of CG even after the introduction of the code. See the vote manipulation done by PCCW and the affair of Citic Pacific in 2009.2.2 Literature reviewThe research paper which examine whether the disclosure of Corporate Governance Structures affect the mart valuation of earnings surprises and firms earnings management, Jui-Chin Chang and Huey-Lian Sun (2010), suggested that the effectiveness of corporate arrangement in monitor earnings management is improved after the mandated disclosure. This decision is consistent with the result of the research on CG and earnings forecasts accuracy which support that it is effective to enhance the quality of financial disclosure by rewr ite the Malaysian Code on Corporate Governance to encourage public companies to implement good governing body practices. (Ahmad-Zaluki et al 2010).However, Davies and Schlitzer (2008) in their paper brocaded the question about the practicality of an international one size fits only corporate organisation code of best practice and the result of the paper implied that the adoption of a global corporate governance code is limited out-of-pocket to the adaptations in the business environment. Ching, M.L.K. et al. (2002) in their research contended that CG mechanisms and supervise and oversight activities will affect the use of EM, and the importance of these factors varies across firms and national jurisdictions. Because CG, the legal environment, and observe activities are far contrary in Hong Kong than in the U.S., research studies employ American data have limited relevance for HK.A large-mouthed proportion of HK listed firms are controlled by families. When most of the res ults of empirical researches supported the exacting link between the CG mechanism and firms earnings quality, the unique features of Hong Kong is not universe considered in those researches. A rare research done by Jaggi, B., et al. (2009) employ samples before the adoption of code of corporate governance and find that a higher proportion of independent corporate boards of HK firms is associated with more effective monitoring to constrain EM by deterring managers from manipulating the reported earnings thus the earnings quality is expected to be high despite differences in institutional environments. However, it is not the case of which the firms are family-controlled, either through ownership concent ration or the presence of family members on corporate boards.2.3 ObjectiveWhile unbounded studies have already done with data of regions other than HK about the association between CG and EM, whatsoever of them have also emphasized on the identity operator of family ownership co ncentration in Asian regions. This study is done for the enjoyment of evaluating the effectiveness of the Code of Corporate Governance Practices effective from 2005 on trim back EM practices and improving earnings quality of HK Firms. Focus on the uniqueness of the Hong Kong Firms ownership structure to investigate whether mandatory disclosure of corporate governance structures improves the quality of financial information of Hong Kong family-controlled firms.2.4 Statement of hypothesis2.4.1 Indentifying Corporate governanceThe research generated by Dey, (2008) examined that different countries have different corporate governance structure. She considered twelve variables of corporate governance to measure different corporate governance structure, such as the effectiveness of the size up committee and duality of chief executive officers and so on. To determine corporate governance, we would use five variables including a majority-independent visit committee, a majority-independ ent board, financial professional having sufficient accounting experience on the committee, life-size 4 auditors and the separation CEO and chair position.2.4.2 Audit committee and earning qualityAccording to Hong Kong Exchange and clearing limited (HKEX), after the adoption of code of corporate governance effective that is in 2005, it is a must for Hong Kong listed companies to pull in an audit committee, comprising non-executive manager (NED) and having at least three members. Based on the research of Bedard, and Courteau (2001), the higher the percentage of independent non-executive director that are not managers in other firms, the higher the earning quality is. Thus, the hypothesis we develop should beH1 There is validatory relationship between the existence of a majority-independent audit committee and earning quality after the code2.4.3. Independent board of director and earning managementAccording to Liu and Lu (2007), they rear that when preparing financial statement, the board of director can help to monitor and prevent controlling shareholder as this act may make damage to the other shareholder. Besides, the Hong Kong boards of director were by code at least three NED members as well.H2 There is positive relationship between the proportion of Independent non-executive directors on the board and earning quality after the code.2.4.4. CEO duality and earning managementAccording to R. Murhadi, Werner. Dr (2009), he found that if there is any job duality, it was less effective and strongly ascertain higher level of discretionary accrual. Anderson et al. (2003) found that earnings informativeness is positively associated with firms having disjointed CEO and chair positionsH3 The existence of CEO duality positively influences the level of earnings management after the code.2.4.4 risky 4 auditors and earning managementThe precedent research done by Klein (2003) found that Big 4 auditors may shift some of their responsibility of monitoring financi al reporting to firms audit committees after SOX. Therefore, there may be difference between discretionary accruals and Big 4 auditor in the before period of SOX.H4 There is a negative relation between earning management and proportion of Big 4 auditors after the code.2.4.5 Experts in audit committee and earning managementThe Code in Hong Kong required that among the three members, it should include at least an independent NED with sufficient and appropriate financial experience. Xie, Davison, and DaDalt (2003) use pre-SOX samples to investigate that audit committee members having financial experience/background negatively influence discretionary accruals.H5 There is a negative relation between discretionary accruals and the existent of financial experts on audit committees after the code.2.4.6. family control and earning managementDue to the different expectations regarding the effect of family control on earnings management, Jaggi-Leung use pre-code sample to denominate that an i ncrease in the proportion of outside directors to strengthen board monitoring is unlikely to be effective in family-controlled firms. The percentage of NED on the board to a pith bend of directors is counted 20% as cut-off point.H6 There is a negative relation between the existent of family ownership control and earnings quality after the code.3.Methodology3.1 Sample collectionIt is to search the WiseNews Database and HKEX website to collect the data for all Hong Kong Listed Firms in all industry for years before and after adoption of code which is accounting period of 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 respectively.3.2 Research DesignBy using the financial data examined from the above database, it is decided to research all firms excluding banks, insurance and trusts companies as they manage earning obtaining different incentives and opportunities. (Peasnell et al, 2000) For testing earnings management, Dechow et al., 1995 suggested to use modified jones model to measure discretionary accru als. However, based on Kothari, Leone and Wasley (2005), in addition to the modified model, they use return on assets as one of variable so as to estimate accruals more accurately. It is cross-sectional retroversion by using two-digit SIC code, then find out the estimated coefficient by the following formula(Total discretionary accrual) TACCjt = 0+ 1(1/ ATit-1)+ 2 (DSale/ATit-1)+ 3 (PPE/ ATit-1)+ 4 ROAit-1- (1)Then, NON-ACCjt = 1(1/ATjt-1) + 2 (DSalesjt DRECjt)/ATjt-1 +3 (PPE/ATjt-1) +4 ROAjt (2)Then, calculating the discretionary accrual by using the following formula,DACCjt = TACCjt NON-ACCjt (3)Using the regression model to calculating the data before and after the code of corporate governance,DACCit = p 0 + 1 Auditindep + 2 BdIndep + 3 AccExp + 4 CEODua + 5 Big 4 + FAMOWN (4)WhereROA = the ratio of net income to total assetsFAMOWN = 1 if proportion of family members divided by total outcome director is greater than 20%, 0 for other than this case.BdIndep The number of ind ependent board directors calculated by the no. of board membersAuditIndep The number of independent audit committee members calculated by the no. of audit committee membersAccExp 1 for having financial professional experience and 0 for none and divided by the no. of audit committee membersBig 4 It is an indicator of the Big 4 auditors. It is one if the firm was Big 4 accounting firms client and it is zero if not.CEODua it may be 1 when CEO is the firms director of the board, 0 when it is not the case.4. Time scheduleTime fillJanuary intermit the background of the problem and objectivesResearch data for methodology initiative 11th FebruaryFinish MethodologyCollect data by using software i.e. Excel12th 28th FebruarySolve the problems that will envision during the process of collecting data, such as, uncertainty about any dataAnalyze data and make result of the analysisMarch hold open discussionsInterpret the data what we findFinish recommendations, conclusions, summary of the proje ct1 4th AprilFinish the draft to supervisor5 28th AprilFinish the reference listsReview and proofread the grammar, organization, format of projectAmend some parts based on comments of supervisors

George Orwells 1984: Unmasking Totalitarianism Essay -- Literary Anal

The outlook to the future is usually one filled with hope. When failures of the past and prove problems collide together, the future is often seen as a place of hope. This mind-set was no different in Britain during the mid 20th century, specially in the late 1940s. World War II had finally ended, the days of scrap Nazi Germany was behind everyone but present circumstances were bleak. Britain was still recovering from the effects of World War II and handling the transition of a new socialist democratic government. From the east there loomed Stalins Soviet Union with its communism government and Totalitarian ruling mindset. Many were unmindful to the facts surrounding communism and looked hopefully to it. The reason for this was as Mitzi Brunsdale states because of all kinds of individualised and social inadequacies (139). Many in the west were discouraged with present conditions and looked to totalitarianism for hope. Many of the Western support for Stalin often to ok the form of neo-religious adulation (Brunsdale139). On the other hand, George Orwell stood in direct opposition. This resistance against the Totalitarian rule of Stalin was especially expressed in one of his most popular discussions called 1984, which brings home to England the start out of countless who suffered in Totalitarian regimes of Eastern Europe (Meyers 114). George Orwell through with(predicate) his life-time experiences and through the accounts of others had seen the dangers of Totalitarianism. In 1984, George Orwell exposed three dangerous aspects of Totalitarianism by gifting the oppression of the individuals in the story in order to show the true nature of Totalitarianism.One of the first ways that Orwell exposes Totalitarianism through the oppression of the i... ...y to write a novel that so clearly shows the office staff of the state and diminish of the individual send chills to those who read his book. Even in the future, every reader is faced with th e reality of the possibility of such a society existing. With technology advances and many history defining issues arising, the possibility of elements of the book coming true seems to become more and more of a reality. industrial plant CitedBal, Sant S. George Orwell The Ethical Imagination. Atlantic Highlands Humanities, 1981. Print.Brunsdale, Mitzi M. Student Companion to George Orwell. Westport Greenwood, 2000. Print.Meyers, Jeffrey. A Readers Guide to George Orwell. Totown Littlefield, Adams &, 1975. Print.Meyers, Valerie. new-fashioned Novelists George Orwell. New York St. Martins, 1991. Print.Orwell, George. Nineteen Eighty-Four. New York Penguin Group, 2003. Print.